Biochemistry Flashcards
What do carboxylases do?
Enzymes that catalyze the incorporation of a CO2 molecule into an organic substrate. Creating more C-C bonds
What is a pyranose?
Sugars composed of a six-membered ring
What are the intermediates in the Krebs cycle?
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citrate, isocitrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, oxaloacetate
What is the purpose of glycolysis and how is it regulated? What are the irreversible enzymes?
Purpose: convert glucose into two molecules of pyruvate
Inhibited by high ATP; stimulated by high ADP
Irreversible enzymes: hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase
What is the purpose of the citric acid cycle and how is it regulated? What are the irreversible enzymes?
Purpose: Use acetyl-CoA to produce electron carriers for ETC.
Inhibited by high ATP and NADH; stimulated by high ADP, NAD+ and calcium
Irreversible enzymes: citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
Why are triacylglycerols good energy stores?
What is their structure?
- Energy rich
- Inert (will no rx with body stuff)
- No fnx role in body
- Hydrophobic-won’t be weighted down by water
Glycerol back bone-ester bond-acytl group and three fatty acids
What happens in the body after a large meal?
ABSORPTION! The liver and adipose tissue store energy as TAG (for fat) and glycogen (carbs).
We have too much glucose in the blood, so insulin increases and glucagon decreases.
Stimulates: glycolysis, glycogenesis, FA + TAG synthesis
What happens in the body when fasting?
RELEASING! Liver and adipose tissue mobilize energy stores like glucose, fatty acids and ketone bodies for the body.
We don’t have enough glucose in the blood, so glucagon increases and insulin decreases.
Stimulates: gluconeogenesis, increase FA oxidation therefore increase Acetyl-CoA, glycogenolysis (break down glycogen)
What is the difference between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol group?
An alcohol is distinguished in primary, secondary or tertiary depending on how many carbons are attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxile. Primary alcohols have no other carbon, secondary ones have one and tertiary alcohols have two.
If you are doing gas (gas-liquid) chromatography, which substances will come out first/last?
This is a separation method using gas as the mobile phase. The lower molecular weight and the weaker intermolecular forces will come out first/migrate the fastest (i.e vaporize ) before heavier and strongly bonded substances.
How do you determine R/S configuration?
- prioritize substituents by atomic #
- rotate molecule so lowest subs. is in back (typically H)
- draw circle 1-> 3
What residues can be phosphorylated?
Phosphorylation can occur on serine, threonine and tyrosine side chains through phosphoester bond formation.
Where does Fatty acid oxidation occur?
mitochondria
Where does glycolysis, the krebs cycle and ETC happen?
glycolysis: cytosol
Krebs: matrix of the mitochondria
ETC: internal folded mitochondria membranes
What is Henry’s law constant?
In physical chemistry, Henry’s law is a gas law that states that the amount of dissolved gas in a liquid is proportional to its partial pressure above the liquid.
S=K*P
