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Module 2 > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

18:3 (6c,9c,12c)

A

γ-Linolenic acid

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2
Q

Example of Secondary DNA Structure

A

hairpin, cruciform

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3
Q

heterogeneous group of compounds related more by their physical rather than by their chemical properties

A

Lipids

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4
Q

Positive result : Keller-Killani Test

A

Reddish-Brown color

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5
Q

Positive Result: Hopkin’s Cole

A

Violet Junction

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6
Q

Deficiency : 1,4-D-glucosidase (lysosomal)

Tissue Affected: liver, heart muscle

A

Pompe’s

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7
Q

an enzyme that cuts the DNA at or near specific recognition nucleotide sequences

A

Restriction endonuclease (restriction enzyme)

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8
Q

 essential in the formation of rhodopsin & the normal
functioning of the retina
 was the first fat-soluble vitamin discovered

A

Vitamin A

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9
Q

Calciferol

A

Vitamin D

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10
Q

6 carbons; most import sugar in plants

A

Hexose

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11
Q

 is a synthetic substance formed by the reduction of tachysterol
 closely related to ergosterol

A

Dihydrotachysterol

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12
Q

the acceleration of the reaction rate

over that for the noncatalyzed reaction

A

Catalytic Power

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13
Q

Hydrates of carbon that are aldehyde or ketone derivatives of polyhydric alcohol

A

Carbohydrates

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14
Q

MOA (Reverse Transcription):
didanosine (ddI), zidovudine/ azidothymidine (AZT), lamivudine (3TC), abacavir (ABC), zalcitabine (ddC), emtricitabine (FTC)

A

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI)

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15
Q

synthesis of RNA (rRNA, tRNA, or mRNA) using a DNA template

A

Transcription

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16
Q

decrease the risk of neutral tube deffects

A

Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid)

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17
Q

components of many enzymatic cofactors

A

FAD, NAD

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18
Q

found in large quantities in brain and nerve tissue; composed of a fatty acid, phosphoric acid, choline, and sphingosine; ceramide with phosphate and choline

A

Sphingomyelin

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19
Q

Nitrogenous bases purines?

A

A & G

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20
Q

Positive result : Bial’s

A

Green Color (sometime blue)

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21
Q

loss of one or more base pairs in a gene

A

Deletion

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22
Q

Biological Function of Protein: Protective

A

fibrin, Immunoglobulin, interferons

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23
Q

Deficiency:phosphorylase kinase

Tissue Affected:liver

A

Type VIII

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24
Q

Found in the cytoplasm, centrioles, cilia, and

flagella

A

Microtubule

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25
Q

thought to elongate Okazaki fragments of
the lagging strand; with 3’→5’ exonuclease
activity

A

Pol δ

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26
Q

Test for Pentoses

A

Bial’s Test

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27
Q

mainly responsible for the turnover of the cell’s own proteins, but also contributes to the breakdown of foreign proteins

A

Ubiquitin/Proteosome system

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28
Q

Condition where the heme iron is +3 rather than +2; MetHgb cannot bind O2

A

Methemoglobinemia

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29
Q

sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain

A

Primary Proteins

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30
Q

20:5 (5c,8c,11c,14c,17c); an ω3 fatty

acid; in fish oils

A 
Timnodonic acid (Eicosapentaenoic acid,
EPA)
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31
Q

similar to phospholipid, but possesses an ether link on the sn-1 carbon instead of the normal ester linkage in acylglycerols; usually the ether linkage is with an unsaturated alcohol;

A

Plasmalogen

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32
Q

can treat Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

A

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

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33
Q

Group and Code:Tryptophan

A

Aromatic;W

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34
Q

Cofactor: Mg+2

A

hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphatase, pyruvate kinase

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35
Q

The stomach mechanically breaks up fat into smaller particles.

A

Fat Digestion

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36
Q

composed of glucose units linked α1→4;

produced by the hydrolysis of starch; a reducing sugar

A

Maltose

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37
Q

enzymes that cleave proteins at specific peptide bonds

A

Proteases

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38
Q

by oxidation of Fe+2 to Fe+3 by agents
such as nitrates, sulfonamides, or endogenous
products like ROS (reactive oxygen species)

A

Acquired Methemoglobinemia

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39
Q

Group and Code:Tyrosine

A

Aromatic;Y

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40
Q

alcohol is glycerol

A

Glycerophospholipids (phosphoglycerides) –

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41
Q

MOA (DNA Replication):
acyclovir (ACV, a
guanosine analogue) (herpes simplex virus)

A

Inhibition of DNA polymerase

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42
Q

“Branched Amino Audura”

Val, Leu, Ile

A

Maple Syrup urine Disease

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43
Q

Test for Proteins

A

Alkaloidal Reagent

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44
Q

Copper Deficiency

A

Depigmentation of Hair

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45
Q

– to break H-bonds and form ssDNA

– usu. 950 for 20 to 30 sec

A

Denaturation

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46
Q

Biological Function of Protein: Hormones

A

Insulin, HcG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)

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47
Q

Coenzyme : coenzyme A

A

acyl

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48
Q

the breakdown of glycogen (n) to glucose-1-phosphate and glycogen (n–1)

A

Glycogenolysis

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49
Q

anticancer agents of Type II topoisomerases

A

etoposide and teniposide

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50
Q

Use for cation or anion

exchange resins

A

Ion-exchange chromatography

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51
Q

alcohol is sphingosine

A

Sphingophospholipid (sphingolipid)

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52
Q

product of oxidation of the C6 hydroxy group of sugar

A

Uronic acid

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53
Q

Postive Result for Nitroprusside

A

Red

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54
Q

intramitochondrial NADH yields (?)

A

3 ATPs

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55
Q

combines IEF and SDS-PAGE

A

2D Electrophoresis

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56
Q

mutations in the α- or β-globin chain

promoting the formation of Hb M or MetHgb

A

Hereditary Methemoglobinemia

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57
Q

Diagnostic Enzymes:

Myocardial infarction

A

(1) Aspartate aminotransferase (AST or SGOT)

2) Lactate dehydrogenase (isoenzymes

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58
Q

Edman degradation reagents

A

phenylisothiocyanate (alkaline) and anhydrous

trifluoroacetic acid

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59
Q

Biological Function of Protein: Contractility

A

Actin, Myosin

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60
Q

Test for W,H

A

Pauly’s diazo (sulphanilic acid; HNO2)

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61
Q

DnaA protein, DNA

helicase, and ssDNA-binding (SSB) proteins

A

Pre-priming complex

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62
Q

Suicide inactivators:

5-fluorouracil

A

inhibits thymidylate synthase

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63
Q

Group and Code:Isoleucine

A

Aliphatic;I

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64
Q

relaxes the

DNA from supercoiling

A

Topoisomerase (e.g., DNA gyrase)

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65
Q

Positive Result: Millon’s

A

white ppt → red - nitrosation

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66
Q

Suicide inactivators:

disulfiram

A

aldehyde

dehydrogenase inhibitor

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67
Q

the accuracy of DNA the accuracy of DNA replication

A

fidelity

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68
Q

DNA that is dehydrated, shorter, right-handed

A

A-DNA

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69
Q

Test for Sulfur containing amino acid

A

Lead acetate

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70
Q

Examples of Mutagens

A 
o Oxidants
o Nitrosamines and nitrous acid
o Alkylating agents
o UV rays
o Ionizing radiation
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71
Q

altered amino acid product; GAG to GTG (Glu→Val) in sickle-cell anemia

A

Missense Mutation

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72
Q

Vitamin B + C

 serve as a precursor of coenzyme

A

Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)

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73
Q

Coenzyme : Thiamine pyrophosphate

A

aldehyde

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74
Q

facilitates breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides.

A

Pancreatic lipase

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75
Q

the 3 contiguous bases in a molecule of mRNA that specify a particular amino acid in a polypeptide chain

A

Codon

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76
Q

Fumarate

A

F, Y

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77
Q

stimulation of glucose transport across the plasma membrane increases its availability for synthesis of fatty acids and glycerol from glycolytic pathway

A

Adipose Tissue

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78
Q

ATP-independent process that involves lysosomes (pH 3.8–5.0) and associated transport systems (endocytosis, autophagy, chaperon-mediated autophagy); for damaged organelles, cellular proteins, and “foreign materials” the cell contacts

A

Lysosomal system

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79
Q

relatively unreactive until they bind to the active site of a specific enzyme; also, mechanism-based inactivators

A

Suicide inactivators

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80
Q

subtle changes; requires DNA glycosylases

A

Base-excision repair (BER)

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81
Q

at physiological pH, usually exist as dipolar ions

A

Zwitterions; Amphoteric; Ampholytes

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82
Q

“wood sugar”

A

Xylose

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83
Q

widely distributed in fungi

A

Trehalose

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84
Q

Biological Function of Protein: Transport

A

Albumin, hemoglobin, lipoproteins

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85
Q

in which 2 or more polypeptide chains (subunits), each with its own tertiary structure, combine to form a larger assembly (protein complex)

A

Quaternary Protein

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86
Q

the basic hereditary unit that contains the information for making an RNA or a polypeptide

A

Gene

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87
Q

a complex organic/metalloorganic molecule

A

Coenzyme

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88
Q

Concept by which a tRNA can recognize more than one codon for a specific amino acid by allowing movement in the first base of the anticodon

A

Wobble Hypothesis

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89
Q

only 1 fatty acid attached to

glycerol

A

Lysophosphatidate

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90
Q

results from further folding, coiling, and aggregation of polypeptides that are induced by distant residues in the chain end; micellar effect

A

Tertiary Proteins

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91
Q

diphosphatidylglycerol; in mitochondria

A

Cardiolipin

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92
Q

lipid storage diseases

A

Lipidoses

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93
Q

the set of triplet codons specifying amino acids to be incorporated into polypeptide, plus three codons (UGA, UAG, UAA) specifying the terminus of such sequence of amino acids

A

Genetic code

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94
Q

Group and Code:Valine

A

Aliphatic;V

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95
Q

major natural form of Vitamin A

A

Retinol

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96
Q

Positive Result: Alkaloidal Reagent

A

Precipitate

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97
Q

the separation of DNA strands due to

A

(1) high temperature;

(2) very low salt concentration; (3) extreme pH

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98
Q

Suicide inactivators: neostigmine

A

acetylcholinesterase inhibitor

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99
Q

amine group bonded to the alpha carbon (carbon-2) of a carboxylic acid

A

α-amino acids

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100
Q

Hydrolysis of thioester to release succinate from succinyl-CoA; co- generation of GTP from GDP

A

Succinate thiokinase

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101
Q

larger than
amylose; as high as 106 glucose residues linked α1→4 along the linear chain and α1→6 at branches occurring every 20 units

A

Amylopectin (α-amylose)

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102
Q

Keratan sulfate Type I

A

Abundant in cornea

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103
Q

the average number of nucleotides added by DNA polymerase per association/dissociation with the template

A

processivity

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104
Q

found in cell walls of fruits; chains of galacturonic acid residues linked α1→4 (some as methyl esters)

A

Pectin

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105
Q

Test for Lysine , free -NH2

A

Nitrous Acid (HCl, NaNO2)

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106
Q

Uptake of a charged tRNA at the A site

A

Elongation

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107
Q

esters of fatty acids with glycerol

A

Fats/Oils

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108
Q

also known as phosphogluconate pathway, hexose

monophosphate shunt, pentose phosphate shunt

A

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

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109
Q

Enzyme : formation of C–C, C–S, C–O, and C–N

bonds by condensation reactions coupled to ATP cleavage

A

Ligases

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110
Q

has 5’→3’ polymerase

activity, 3’→5’ exonuclease activity

A

(proofreading)

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111
Q

Seen in fatty acid catabolism; detoxification

A

Peroxisome

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112
Q

Known keto acids that can replace the amino acids in the diet.

A

Val,Leu,Ile

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113
Q

Carboxylation of pyruvate to give oxaloacetate, with consumption of ATP

A

Pyruvate decarboxylase

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114
Q

obtained by reduction of mannose;

diagnostic acid and osmotic diuretic

A

Mannitol

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115
Q

Oxidative decarboxylation of α- ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA; co- generation of NADH from NAD+

A

α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

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116
Q

phospholipid without the alcohol

A

Phosphatidate

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117
Q

22:1 (13c); in rapeseed oil

A

Erucic acid

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118
Q

Deficiency:phosphorylase

Tissue Affected:liver

A

Her’s

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119
Q

contains GlcNAc with fewer N- sulfates than heparin; predominantly glucuronic acid (GlcA)

A

Heparan sulfate

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120
Q

Succinyl-CoA precursors

A

I, M, T, V

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121
Q

used as special dietary supplements

A

Vitamin

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122
Q

Positive result for silver nitrate

A

Precipitate

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123
Q

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Deficiency

A

Pernicious Anemia

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124
Q

3’→5’ exonuclease activity; used in DNA repair

A

DNA polymerase II

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125
Q

Group and Code:Alanine

A

Aliphatic A

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126
Q

requires energy for phosphorylation of glucose (ATP)

and activation of glucosyl residues to UDP-glucose (UTP)

A

Glycogenesis

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127
Q

contains ceramide and one or more sugars;

A

Glycosphingolipid

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128
Q

a coenzyme or metal ion that is very tightly or even covalently bound to the enzyme protein

A

Prosthetic group

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129
Q

Positive result : Molisch

A

Violet Junction

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130
Q

the synthesis of β-globin chains is

decreased or absent (point mutations)

A

β-thalassemias

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131
Q

Enzyme catalyzes asparagine from aspartate

A

Asparagine Synthetase

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132
Q

Vitamin D Indication

A

Hypoparathyroidism
Nutritional Rickets
Renal Osteodystrophy Hypocalcemia

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133
Q

Cell with Nucleus with an envelope

A

Eukaryote

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134
Q

rapid interconversion of constitutional isomers by a chemical reaction that results in formal migration of a proton, accompanied by a switch of a single bond and adjacent
double bond

A

Tautomerization (tautomerism)

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135
Q

the endergonic processes required to maintain the living state

A

Anabolism

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136
Q

Binding of the mRNA to the smaller ribosomal

subunit

A

(16S rRNA)

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137
Q

contains primase; initiates DNA synthesis

A

Pol α

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138
Q

ound in association with several proteins as components of the ribosomes— the complex structures that serve as the sites for protein synthesis

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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139
Q

most widely occurring sterol; a precursor to digestive and solubilizing agents, e.g., bile acids, and other biologically important molecules, such as adrenocortical hormones, sex hormones, D vitamins, cardiac glycosides, sitosterols (in plants), and some alkaloids membrane constituent

A

Cholesterol

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140
Q

Test for carboxylate

A

Silver nitrate

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141
Q

Test for Histidine

A

Knoop (aq. Br2, NH3)

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142
Q

Group and Code:Aspartate

A

Acidic;D

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143
Q

by Koshland; the functional groups may have to be moved into position for correct alignment after binding of the substrate; there is not necessarily a good steric fit initially

A

Induced Fit Model

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144
Q

Cephalin

A

(phosphatidylethanolamine) –

ethanolamine

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145
Q

not the reversal of glycogenesis (different set of enzymes)

A

Glycogenolysis

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146
Q

Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid) Deficiency?

A

-Paresthesia of the Extremities or “Burning Foot Syndrome”

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147
Q

three distinct components of Nucleotides

A

Nitrogenous base
Pentose
Phosphate

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148
Q

defines the periphery of the cell

A

Plasma membrane

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149
Q

present in high amounts in myelin; e.g., sulfogalactosylceramide

A

Sulfatide

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150
Q

based on the migration of charged proteins in an electric field

A

Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE)

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151
Q

biological cataysts that increase the rate of reactions without being changed in the overall process

A

Enzymes

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152
Q

the packing of helices, bulges, and single-stranded coils into a stable and more or less compact body

A

Tertiary Structure (DNA/RNA)

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153
Q

Group and Code:Serine

A

Polar;S

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154
Q

Sanger’s method reagents

A

1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (FDNB),

dansyl chloride and dabsyl chloride

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155
Q

Examples of Anomers

A

α-D-glucopyranose and β-D-glucopyranose

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156
Q

– second messengers and membrane component

– points for biological recognition (as glycoside)

A

Sphingolipids

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157
Q

1 sugar unit (simple sugar)

A

Monosaccharides

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158
Q

Example of tautomerism

A

Aldose-ketose interconversions

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159
Q

for formation of intercellular collagen
 healing of bone fractures
 metabolism of tyrosine
 antiscorbutic vitamin

A

Vitamin C

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160
Q

Known as the “powerhouse”; oxidative metabolism

A

Mitchondrion

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161
Q

most abundant biological macromolecules that occur in

all cells and all parts of cells

A

Proteins

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162
Q

lipids
containing a fatty acid, sphingosine, and
carbohydrate

A

Glycolipids (glycosphingolipid)

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163
Q

Deficiency: “branching enzyme”

Tissue Affected: liver

A

Andersen’s

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164
Q

found in liver oil or other vegetable oil.

A

Oleovitamin A & D

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165
Q

composed of fructose units linked through β2→1 bonds

A

Inulin

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166
Q

18:3 (9c,12c,15c); one of

the EFA; an ω3 (omega-3) fatty acid

A

α-Linolenic acid

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167
Q

pyruvate

thereby produced is transported into the ?

A

mitochondria

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168
Q

Nucleotides of purines end in (1);

those of pyrimidines end in (2).

A

–idine

–idylate

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169
Q

Lecithin

A

(phosphatidylcholine) – choline

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170
Q

a set of experimental methods in molecular biology that are used to assemble recombinant DNA molecules and to direct their replication within host organisms

A

Molecular Cloning

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171
Q

where an inhibitor binds at a site distinct from the substrate active site, but binds to either E or the ES complex; lower Vmax, higher Km and slope

A

Mixed Inhibition

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172
Q

a short, RNA strand that binds to ssDNA to start replication; synthesized by primase
(DnaG)

A

RNA primer

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173
Q

an α1→6-linked polyglucan that is formed from sucrose by the action of a transglucosylase dextran sucrose) enzyme system of Leuconostoc mesenteroides; plasma expander (high m.w.); reduces blood viscosity (low m.w.)

A

Dextran

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174
Q 
having stereocenters (chiral
carbons)
A

Stereoisomerism

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175
Q

Test for F,Y,W

A

Xanthoproteic (conc. HNO3)

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176
Q

main food reserve in plants; composed of glucopyranose units; about 25% amylose and 75% amylopectin

A

Starch

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177
Q

Factors that Affect Enzyme Kinetics

A

substrate concentration
temperature
pH

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178
Q

a genetic disease in which an

individual has inherited the allele for sickle-cell Hgb (Hgb S) from both parents;

A

Sickle-cell anemia

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179
Q

prostaglandins (PGs),
prostacyclins (PGIs), and thromboxanes
(TXs)

A

Prostanoids

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180
Q

the α carbon is a ___________(except in glycine);

optically active

A

Chiral Center

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181
Q

Diagnostic Enzymes:

Acute pancreatitis

A

(1) Amylase

(2) Lipase

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182
Q

anticancer agents of Type I topoisomerases

A

camptothecin, topotecan, and irinotecan

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183
Q

Non-protein inorganic ions

A

Cofactor

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184
Q

proportionate to blood glucose;
about 5%; measurement of HbA1c provides useful information for the management of diabetes mellitus (DM); blood glucose concentration for 6–8 weeks

A

Glycosylated HbA1c

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185
Q

the combination of sphingosine plus fatty acid

A

Ceramide

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186
Q

specific for fructose

A

GLUT 5

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187
Q

Lactate produces pyruvate via

A

lactate dehydrogenase

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188
Q

FADH2 yields?

A

2 ATPs

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189
Q

MOA (Transcription):

rifampin

A

Inhibition of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase

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190
Q

altered codon encodes the same amino

acid; or in noncoding region

A

Silent Mutation

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191
Q

Group and Code:Asparagine

A

Polar;N

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192
Q

similar to structure of chondroitin sulfate, except that in place of a GlcA in β1→3 linkage to GalNAc, it contains an iduronic acid (IdA) in an α1→3 linkage to GalNAc; in cornea

A

Dermatan sulfate

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193
Q

“fruit sugar”; usually obtained by inversion of aqueous solutions of sucrose and subsequent separation from glucose; food for diabetic; sweetener (half as sweet as glucose)

A

Fructose

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194
Q

Alcohols in Phospholipids

A

o choline
o ethanolamine
o inositol
o serine

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195
Q

most rapidly reduced vitamin

A

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

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196
Q

Cofactor: K+

A

pyruvate kinse

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197
Q

Glycine is formed by?

A

Glyoxylate and Glutamate/Alanine Via glycine transaminases;

Choline and Serine via SHMT

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198
Q

Test for arginine

A

Sakaguchi (α-naphthol, NaOBr)

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199
Q

required in the transfer of aminogroups & decarboxylase of amino acid

A

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

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200
Q

Site lipid (and carbohydrate) synthesis

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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201
Q

Group and Code:Proline

A

Aliphatic;P

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202
Q

present in plants and fungi; important

precursor of vitamin D (provitamin D2)

A

Ergosterol

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203
Q

Group and Code:Cysteine

A

Polar;C

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204
Q

DNA high-salt conditions, longer, left-handed

A

Z-DNA

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205
Q

structurally related to Vitamin A

A

Retinoic Acid

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206
Q

MOA (Reverse Transcription):

efavirenz, nevirapine, delavirdine, etravirine, rilpivirine

A

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

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207
Q

yields 2 or 3 different fatty acids

A

Mixed Triglycerides

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208
Q

the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria

A

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

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209
Q

component of bacterial cell walls;
alternating β1→4 linked GlcNAc and N- acetylmuramic acid (O-lactyl-N-acetylglucosamine) residues cross-linked via peptide structures

A

Peptidoglycan

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210
Q

stimulation of glucose transport by insulin increases its availability for glycolysis and glycogen synthesis

A

Muscle

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211
Q

releases

TGs in fat and muscle cells

A

Very Low–Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)

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212
Q

Glucose Transporter : liver and pancreatic cells; high Km

high glucose levels for absorption

A

GLUT 2

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213
Q

Eukaryotic Ribosomes

A

40S / 60S

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214
Q

action of enzyme on a limited

set of substrates

A

Substrate Specificity

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215
Q

Amino acid formed from Methionine and Serine?

A

Cysteine

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216
Q

– similar to replication
– uses dNTPs (with equal amount of dA, dT, dG,
and dC) and thermostable polymerases such as
Taq and Pfu polymerase
– usu. 75–800C; depends on the optimal
temperature of the polymerase

A

Extension/Elongation

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217
Q

Diagnostic Enzymes:

Liver diseases

A

γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase

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218
Q

Types of Supercoiling

A

positively supercoiled
negatively supercoiled
relaxed

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219
Q

Example of α-helix

A

α-keratin, hemoglobin, myoglobin

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220
Q

laxative; composed of galactose linked

β1→4 to fructose

A

Lactulose

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221
Q

have a central moiety, _____, which is the primary

immunostimulatory fragment of LPS

A

Lipid A

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222
Q

the degree of DNA strand winding (supercoiling)

A

DNA topology

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223
Q

cut from the end of the chain, releasing single nucleotides

A

Exonucleases

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224
Q

Packaging and processing of marcromolules takes place

A

Golgi apparatus

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225
Q

a DNA molecule used as a vehicle to artificially carry foreign genetic material into another cell, where it can be replicated (cloning vector) and/or expressed (expression vector); most common, plasmids

A

Vector

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226
Q

Prokaryotic Ribosomes

A

30S / 50S

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227
Q

Found lipid bilayer;

integral/transmembrane proteins; Na+/K+ ATPase

A

Plasma Membrane

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228
Q

an inheritable change or variation in a gene

A

Mutation

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229
Q

Formation of peptide bond between the amino acid at the A site and the acylated tRNA in the P
site

A

Elongation

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230
Q

Glycosphingolipid in the (brain and other nervous tissue)

A

galactosylceramide

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231
Q

composed of 5S RNA, 28S RNA,

5.8S RNA, and 46 proteins

A

60S subunit

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232
Q

derived from eicosa- (C20) polyenoic fatty acids

A

Eicosanoids

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233
Q

the coupling of electron transfer reactions through respiratory complexes, with phosphorylation of ADP to ATP

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

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234
Q

Cofactor : Zn+2

A

carbonic anhydrase, alcohol dehydrogenase, carboxypeptidases A and B

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235
Q

used for for identifying the N-terminal residue

A

Sanger’s method

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236
Q

utilizes a set of restriction endonucleases, DNA ligases, appropriate vectors, and suitable cloning systems (often, E. coli)

A

Molecular Cloning

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237
Q

used to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a piece of DNA generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction

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238
Q

Test for monosaccharides

A

Barfoed’s Test

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239
Q

agents that cause mutations

A

Mutagens

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240
Q

framsehift mutations, e.g., in Huntington’s disease (CAG), and fragile X syndrome (CGG)

A

“Indels”

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241
Q

Deficiency:phosphorylase

Tissue Affected:muscle

A

McArdle’s

242
Q

bile salts is know as?

A

lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase,

LCAT)

243
Q

has 5’→3’ polymerase
activity, 3’→5’ exonuclease activity (proofreading), and 5’→3’ exonuclease activity (nick translation during DNA repair); removes RNA primer and fills gaps on lagging strand; low processivity

A

DNA polymerase I

244
Q

the complete set of genes, control sequences, and other genetic information for a cell

A

Genome

245
Q

replaces the mismatch base on the unmethylated daughter strand; Mut proteins on GATC sequences (E. coli) or CpG islands (mammals)

A

Methyl-mediated mismatch repair

246
Q

insulin-dependent (Tissue)

A

Muscle and adipose tissue

247
Q

Test for Ketones

A

Seliwanoff’s test /Tauber’s Test

248
Q

Diagnostic Enzymes:

Viral hepatitis

A

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT or SGPT)

249
Q

20:4 (5c,8c,11c,14c)

A

Arachidonic acid

250
Q

Group and Code:Phenylalanine

A

Aromatic;F

251
Q

muscle and adipose tissue (located

in the interior of fat cells)

A

GLUT 4

252
Q

Suicide inactivators:

D-cycloserine

A

inhibits alanine racemase

253
Q

the characteristic pH at which the net electric charge is zero

A

isoelectric point (isoelectric pH, pI)

254
Q

without O2 pyruvate instead changes to lactate, a step in which NAD+ can be replenished

A

homolactate fermentation

255
Q

the process of glycogen synthesis, in which glucose molecules are added to chains of glycogen for storage

A

Glycogenesis

256
Q

contains same sugar

units

A

Homopolysaccharide

257
Q

unwinds DNA at the replication fork

A

Helicase

258
Q

Translation (Process)

A

Activation of Amino Acid > Initiation > Elongation > Termination

259
Q

has 16S RNA subunit and 21

proteins

A

30S subunit

260
Q

can be used in the management of hyperlipidemia

A

Vitamin B3(Niacin)

261
Q

activating intermediates in metabolic reactions

A

UDP

262
Q

MOA (DNA Replication):

metronidazole (Clostridium difficile)

A

Free-radical mediated inhibition of DNA synthesis

263
Q

isomers that differ in their topology (amount and type of supercoiling)

A

Topoisomers

264
Q

stop codons (UGA, UAG, UAA)

A

Nonsense Mutation

265
Q

Cofactor: Fe+2/Fe+3

A

cytochrome oxidase, catalase, peroxidase

266
Q

maintains the integrity of epithelial membranes

A

Vitamin A

267
Q

releases TGs in fat cells, skeletal

and heart muscle cells (lipoprotein lipase)

A

Chylomicrons

268
Q

Avoid taking Wheat Bread while taking _______-,

-fiber rich food can decrease absorption of __________

A

Calcium

269
Q

Type of enzyme that catalyzes phenylalanine to tyrosine

A

Phenylalanine hydroxylase

270
Q

distributes

cholesterol widely to hepatic and non-hepatic cells

A

Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

271
Q

free FAs, monoglycerides, and free cholesterol in the?

A

Small Intestine

272
Q

Information flows from DNA to mRNA to proteins (FLOW)

A

DNA Replication → Transcription → Translation

273
Q

Test for Tyrosine

A

Millon’ s(Hg+2 in HNO3)

274
Q

Enzyme : transfer of electrons (hydride or

H atoms)

A

Oxidoreductases

275
Q

 animal species
 may be formed by irradiation of 7- dehydrocholesterol & resembles ergocalciferol in appearance & physical properties.

A

Cholecalciferol (Vit D3)

276
Q

a complete, catalytically active enzyme together with its bound coenzyme and/or metal ions

A

Holoenzyme

277
Q

Keratan sulfate Type II

A

found along with chondroitin sulfate attached to hyaluronic acid in loose connective tissue

278
Q

Group and Code:Leucine

A

Aliphatic;L

279
Q

for transport of triglycerides and cholesterol throughout the bloodstream
amphipathic

A

Lipoproteins

280
Q

both caloric intake and specific amino acids are deficient

A

Marasmus

281
Q

Suicide inactivators:

chloramphenicol

A

Inhibits peptidyl transferase

282
Q

derivatives of a complex amino alcohol,

A

sphingosine

283
Q

Proline is from ______(reverse of proline catabolism)

A

Glutamine

284
Q

Biological Function of Protein: Receptor

A

Nicotinic/adrenergic receptor

285
Q

occur in greatest proportion in dried yeast

A

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

286
Q

Fatty acids that contains two or more double bonds

A

Polyunsaturated (polyethenoid, polyenoic) acids

287
Q

Positive result for Xanthproteic

A

Yellow

288
Q

(TCA) 4 of the 8 steps are oxidation, producing NADH (_ATP) and FADH2 (_ATP)

A

NADH - 3 ATP

FADH2 - 2 ATP

289
Q

α-Ketoglutarate precursors

A

R, E, Q, H, P

290
Q

24:1 (15c); in cerebrosides

A

Nervonic acid

291
Q

nonfermentable sugar alcohol; prevents dental

caries; diabetic sweetener

A

Xylitol

292
Q

Diagnostic Enzymes:

Metastatic carcinoma of the prostate

A

Phosphatase , acid

293
Q

transports both glucose and fructose;

small intestine and colon; absorption of sugar from the gut

A

GLUT 7

294
Q

product of oxidation of the carbonyl group of sugar

A

Aldonic acid

295
Q

contains different

sugar units

A

Heteropolysaccharide

296
Q

DNA sequences and structures
located at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes; have tandem repeats of TTAGGG; made resistant to cellular nucleases by stacked G-quadruplexes

A

Telomeres

297
Q

Favored point of hydrolysis of sugar to monosaccharides

A

1,4 glycosidic bond

298
Q

which the genome is stored and replicated; with envelope (eukaryote) or without envelope (prokaryote)

A

Nucleus

Nucleoid (Bacteria)

299
Q

takes place in the mitochondria, inside the inner

mitochondrial membrane

A

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA Cycle)

300
Q

esters of fatty acids containing

groups in addition to an alcohol and a fatty acid

A

Complex Lipids

301
Q

Group and Code:Histidine

A

Basic;H

302
Q

include fatty acids,
glycerol, steroids (cholesterol, bile acids), alcohols (aside from glycerol and sterols), fatty aldehydes and ketone bodies, hydrocarbons (terpenes), lipid-soluble vitamins (vitamins A, D, E, K), and hormones

A

Precursor and derived lipids

303
Q

Zinc Deficiency

A

Alopecia Infertility
Poor wound healing
Poor growth
Poor resistant to infection

304
Q

enzymes that can interconvert topoisomers

A

Topoisomerases

305
Q

couples exergonic reactions of nutrient breakdown

A

Catabolism

306
Q

Positive test for Benedicts (Moderate Amount)

A

Yellow/ Yellow Orange

307
Q

Pyruvate precursors

A

A, C, G, S, W

308
Q

to determine the
isoelectric point (pI) of a protein; uses ampholytes in
gels

A

Isoelectric Focusing (IEF)

309
Q

Types of pentose (nucleotides)

A

Ribose / deoxyribose

310
Q

D-glucitol; humectant and sweetener (with

laxative properties)

A

Sorbitol

311
Q

Inhibition that is affected by the concentration

of the substrate

A

Reversible Inhibition

312
Q

degrade peptides to free amino acids

A

Peptidases

313
Q

the basic structural and functional unit of all living

organisms

A

Cell

314
Q

Group and Code: Glutamate

A

Acidic;E

315
Q

lactate is produced in the ?

A

muscle or RBC

316
Q

(Glycolysis) glucose is converted to_______, which is ready for oxidation

A

fructose-1,6- biphosphate

317
Q

inhibitor binds covalently with or destroy a functional group on an enzyme that is essential for the enzyme activity, or those that form a particularly stable noncovalent association

A

Irreversible inhibition

318
Q

replicates mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA);

with 3’→5’ exonuclease activity

A

Pol γ

319
Q

the region that binds the substrates
(cofactors, prosthetic groups, etc.) and contains the residues necessary to bind the substrate or directly participate in the reaction

A

Active site

320
Q

metabolic regulators or signaling agents

A

cAMP

321
Q

Enzyme responsible for the conversion of Fe+3 to Fe+2 in Hgb

A

Deficiency of NADH-methemoglobin reductase

322
Q

Test for Cysteine

A

Nitroprusside

323
Q

conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)

to glycerol-3-phosphate (via glycerol phosphate pathway) to pass through the mitochondrial membrane – costs?

A

1 ATP

324
Q

contain only amino acid residues and no other chemical constituents

A

Simple Proteins

325
Q

18:1 (9c); most common

A

Oleic acid

326
Q

cuts one strand, rotate, and reclose; inhibited by anticancer agents camptothecin, topotecan, and irinotecan

A

Type I Topoisomerases

327
Q

Formation of aminoacyl adenylate by ?

A

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

328
Q

Components of Molisch Reagent

A

α-naphthol and conc. H2SO4

329
Q

Test for deoxysugars

A

Keller-Killani Test

330
Q

Diagnostic Enzymes:

Bone disorders, obstructive liver diseases

A

Phosphatase, alkaline (isoenzymes)

331
Q

Nucleic Acid is linked via ?

A

phosphodiester bonds (5’ , 3’)

332
Q

the internal volume bounded by the plasma membrane; composed of an aqueous cytosol and a variety of suspended particles (called organelles) with specific functions

A

Cytoplasm

333
Q

synthesis of a polypeptide chain in a sequence specified by mRNA; carried out by the ribosome

A

Translation

334
Q

(Glycolysis)fructose-1,6-biphosphate is split into two 3- carbon fragments

A

DHAP and glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate;

335
Q

the native structure is determined only by the protein’s amino acid sequence

A

Anfinsen’s dogma (thermodynamic hypothesis)

336
Q

hereditary hemolytic diseases in which an imbalance occurs in the synthesis of globin chains; single-gene disorder

A

Thalassemias

337
Q

single-stranded oligonucleotides (15 to 30 bases) complementary to the template strand of the gene that is to be replicated; 5’ primer (forward) and 3’ primer (reverse)

A

Primer

338
Q

Enzyme that cleaves F, Y ,W from the porcine stomach

A

Pepsin (Amino)

339
Q

refers to the mixture of RUTIN and HESPERIDIN

A

Vitamin P (PERMEABLITY FACTOR)

340
Q

cuts both strands; inhibited by anticancer agents etoposide and teniposide; also, by antibacterial agents, e.g., nalidixic acid (quinolones)

A

Type II Topoisomerases

341
Q

include rofecoxib and celecoxib

A

selective COX-2 inhibitors

342
Q

Selenium Deficiency

A

RBC Fragility

343
Q

Example of Fibrous proteins

A

keratin, collagen, elastin, and fibroin

344
Q 
the smallest (4S) of the 3
major types of RNA molecules; an “adaptor” molecule
A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

345
Q

prosthetic group
in pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), α-ketoglutarate
dehydrogenase, and transketolase

A

thiamine pyrophosphate

346
Q

Positive result : Osazone

A

Yellow crystal w/ phenylhydrazine HCl

347
Q

Types of Nitrogenous Base:

A

Purine and pyrimidine

348
Q

Pur→Pur (or Pyr→Pyr); e.g., deamination of C (U “read” as T):A

A

Transition

349
Q

– binding of the primer to the complementary sequence on the ssDNA template
– usu. 50–600C; depends on the Tm of the primers

A

Annealing

350
Q

main constituent in plant cell walls; composed of glucose units linked β1→4 in a linear chain

A

Cellulose

351
Q

Glutamate is from the reductive amination of ___________ by glutamate dehydrogenase

A

α-ketoglutarate

352
Q

Prion disease is responsible for what type of implication?

A

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

353
Q

extramitochondrial NADH (generated in the cytosol) yields only?

A

2 ATPs

354
Q

Test for the presence of galactose

A

Mucic

355
Q

“milk sugar”; composed of galactose linked

β1→4 to glucose

A

Lactose

356
Q

the overall process through which living systems
acquire and utilize free energy to carry out their
functions

A

Metabolism

357
Q

separation of proteins from solvents because of the larger size of proteins

A

Dialysis

358
Q

Positive result : Seliwanoff/Taubers

A

red color with resorcinol and conc. HCl

359
Q

Enzyme : hydrolysis reactions

A

Hydrolases

360
Q

Cell without Nucleus with an envelope

A

Prokaryote

361
Q

Group and Code:Glutamine

A

Polar;Q

362
Q

MOA (Translation):

tetracyclines, aminoglycosides

A

Inhibition of the 30S ribosomal subunit

363
Q

Coenzyme : NAD

A

H-

364
Q

Brain, liver, RBCs is affected by insulin? True or False

A

False

365
Q

most common sterol in plants

A

β-Sitosterol

366
Q

Test for glycoproteins

A

Molisch (conc. H2SO4, α- naphthol)

367
Q

removes the RNA primer fragments

A

RNAse H

368
Q

results when the individual is weaned onto a starchy diet poor in protein. (Grains are poor sources of essential amino acids Trp and Lys.)

A

Kwashiorkor

369
Q

Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid) Deficiency

A

Glossitis

Megaloblastic Anemia

370
Q

Positive test for Benedicts (Traces of Sugar)

A

Green

371
Q

Deficiency : glucose 6-phosphatase (or in transport system in endoplasmic reticulum)
Tissue Affected: liver, kidney

A

Von Gierke’s

372
Q

Positive result for Ninhydrine?

A

Blue

373
Q

all enzymes are proteins except?

A

Ribosomes

374
Q

interact with biological membranes; helix bundle or beta barrel; integral or amphitropic

A

Membrane proteins

375
Q

saccharum or “table sugar”; composed of
glucose linked α1→β2 to fructose; occurs abundantly in
the free state in plants; a non-reducing sugar

A

Sucrose

376
Q

conditions that result from mutations in Hgb

A

Hemoglobinopathies

377
Q

Group and Code: Lysine

A

Basic;K

378
Q

synthetic form of Vitamin K1

A

Phytomenadione

379
Q

18:2 (9c,12c); one of the

“essential fatty acids” (EFA)

A

Linoleic acid

380
Q 
o capping of 7-methylguanine at the 5’ end
o poly(A) tail at the 3’ end
A

Transcript Processing

381
Q

differ in configuration at only one stereogenic center;

A

Epimers

382
Q

the stable, repeating

conformational pattern in a polymer

A

Secondary Structure (DNA/RNA)

383
Q

Example of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

A
  • bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or “mad- cow disease)
  • Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD)
  • Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome
  • kuru
384
Q

complex, high-molecular-weight; hydrolyzed into many sugar units

A

Polysaccharide

385
Q

esters of fatty acids and glycerol 3-phosphate or a derivative thereof, such as a phosphate diester bridged to another alcoholic group
– main lipid constituents of membranes

A

Phospholipids

386
Q

where an inhibitor binds at a site distinct from the substrate active site and binds only to the ES complex; lower Vmax and Km, but same double-reciprocal slope

A

Uncompetitive Inhibition

387
Q

linear; 1000–2000
glucopyranose units linked α1→4; more soluble
in water than amylopectin

A

Amylose (β-amylose)

388
Q

results upon hydrolysis of sucrose (by acid or invertase) and consists of equimolar quantities of glucose and fructose

A

Invert sugar

389
Q

complex glycosphingolipid derived from glucosylceramide that contain one or more molecules of sialic acid (neuraminic acid is the principal sialic acid found in human tissues)

A

Ganglioside

390
Q

Pentose Phosphate Pathway, produces __________required for the
biosynthesis of nucleotides

A

ribose 5-phophate

391
Q

Used for gel filtration; size

A

Size-exclusion chromatography

392
Q

Oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate; co- generation of NADH from NAD+

A

Malate dehydrogenase

393
Q

spherical (“globe-like”) proteins; water-soluble/colloidal;

A

Globular proteins (spheroproteins)

394
Q

used in the prevention of degenerative changes in the central nervous system.

A

Vitamin B Complex

395
Q

synthesized in the liver from cholesterol;

cholic acid, chenodesoxycholic acid; desoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid

A

Bile Acids

396
Q

enantiomers (non-super-
imposable mirror-images); the D/L-system is often
used

A

Optical isomers

397
Q

22:6 (4c, 7c,10c,13c,16c,19c); an ω3 fatty acid; in fish oils; found in phospholipids in brain

A

Cervonic acid (Docosahexaenoic acid, DHA)

398
Q

contain the cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene (CPPP) nucleus

A

Steroids

399
Q

Oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate; co-generation of NADH from NAD+

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

400
Q

where an inhibitor binds at a site distinct from the substrate active site, but binds to either E or the ES complex with the same affinity; lower Vmax, but usually same Km

A

Noncompetititve Inhibition

401
Q

the ratio of kcat and Km when [S] &laquo_space;Km

A

Specificity constant

402
Q

Coenzyme : CO2

A

biocytin

403
Q

catalytic RNA molecules

A

Ribozymes

404
Q

Test for Tryptophan

A

Hopkin’s Cole(glyoxylic acid)

405
Q

indicates the

position of the initiation codon on the mRNA

A

Shine-Dalgarno sequence

406
Q

glycogen branches are catabolized by the sequential removal of glucose monomers via ?

A

phosphorolysis (glycogen phosphorylase)

407
Q

Test for amino acid?

A

Ninhydrin

408
Q

Coenzyme : pyridoxal phosphate

A

Amino group

409
Q

composed of 5S and 23S RNA subunits and 31 proteins

A

50S subunit

410
Q

the protein part of the enzyme

A

Apoenzyme (apoprotein)

411
Q

Positive result for Nitrous Acid

A

Gas (N2) - Diazotization

412
Q

the sequence of nucleotide
residues, when covalently linked in a linear chain in a
polynucleotide

A

Primary Structure (DNA/RNA)

413
Q

esters of fatty acids and glycerols

A

Triglycerides

414
Q

Glutamine turns to _____(Hydrophobic); the blood contains man long, thin, crescent-shaped RBCs; deoxygenated Hgb S becomes insoluble

A

Valine

415
Q

consists of unbranched chain of repeating disaccharide units containing GlcA and GlcNAc; in synovial fluid, vitreous body of the eye, cartilage and loose connective tissues

A

Hyaluronic acid

416
Q

Deficiency:glycogen synthase

Tissue Affected:liver

A

Type IX

417
Q

nutrient; obtained by controlled enzymatic hydrolysis of starch

A

Dextrose (D-glucose)

418
Q

restores modified bases while they
are still attached to the DNA strand; DNA photolyase
(bacteria)

A

Direct repair

419
Q

induces the synthesis of gluconeogenic enzymes; represses the synthesis of glycolytic enzymes

A

glucagon

420
Q

Biological Function of Protein: Structural

A

Elastin, Keratin, Collagen

421
Q

has 5’→3’ polymerase activity and 3’→5’ exonuclease activity; synthesizes DNA in the leading strand continuously; elongates from the RNA primer to another RNA of an Okazaki fragment in the lagging strand; high processivity

A

DNA polymerase III

422
Q

Where is glycine synthesise?

A

Liver cytosol

423
Q

obtained by incomplete hydrolysis of starch or by controlled acid hydrolysis of corn starch; contains dextrose with dextrins, maltose and water

A

Liquid glucose

424
Q

the tendency of the substrate and the enzyme to dissociate; may be approximated by Km when k-1&raquo_space; k2

A

Dissociation constant (Kd)

425
Q

water-dwelling organisms convert nitrogen is to ammonia

A

ammonotelic

426
Q

Suicide inactivators:

organoarsenicals

A

inhibitor of pyruvate

dehydrogenase

427
Q

aturally occurring pyridine derivative that prevents Pellagra

A

Vitamin B3(Niacin)

428
Q

yields 3 molecules of one fatty acid

A

Simple Triglycerides

429
Q

Oxaloacetate

A

N, D

430
Q

has an 18S RNA and 33 proteins

A

40S subunit

431
Q

usually straight-chain carboxylic acids that contain an even number of carbon atoms

A

Fatty Acids

432
Q

D-ribulose and D-xylulose; β-

D-glucopyranose and β-D-mannopyranose are examples of?

A

Epimers

433
Q

due to excessive immune response

A

“toxic shock”

434
Q

(Glycolysis)glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is oxidized to ?

A

pyruvate

435
Q

Group and Code: Glycine

A

Aliphatic;G

436
Q

22:5 (7c,10c,13c,16c,19c); an ω3 fatty acid; in fish oils; found in phospholipids in brain

A 
Clupanodonic acid (Docosapentaenoic acid,
DPA)
437
Q

in the cells of the Liver tissues (G6P→glucose→?)

A

bloodstream via GLUT2

438
Q

Termination Codons

A

UAG, UGA, UAA

439
Q

fills the nicks

A

DNA ligase

440
Q

due to deficiency in G6PD or any other disruption in the pentose phosphate pathway; sulfhydryl groups on the Hgb may be oxidized, destabilizing it, and causing it to denature and aggregate (this can lead to rupture of cell membrane)

A

Hemolytic anemia

441
Q

Enzyme that cleave internal bonds

A

Endopeptidases

442
Q

Chromium Deficiency

A

Glucose Intolerance Peripheral Neuropathy

Metabolic Encephalopathy

443
Q

Information flows from DNA to mRNA to proteins

A

Central Dogma

444
Q

Oxidation of succinate to fumarate; flavoprotein is subsequently regenerated by reduction of CoQ

A

Succinate dehydrogenase

445
Q

Aspartate is formed via transamination of

A

oxaloacetate

446
Q

result from impaired synthesis of Hgb

A

Iron-deficiency

447
Q

– also known as phosphogluconate pathway, hexose
monophosphate shunt, pentose phosphate shunt – alternative to glycolysis for glucose metabolism (about
10% in adipocytes, near 0% in muscle)
– no ATP is directly consumed or produced

A

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

448
Q 
accumulation of neurotoxic peptide amyloid β (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles
inside neurons (tau, τ protein)
A

Alzheimer’s disease

449
Q

introduction of one or more base pairs into a sequence

A

Insertion

450
Q

esters of fatty acids with higher

molecular weight monohydric alcohol

A

Waxes

451
Q

glucose moves via facilitative transporters from
high concentration to lower concentration in the
blood; do not bind Na+

A

Facilitative glucose transporters

452
Q

trans-4-Hydroxyproline is formed via hydroxylation of _____________ by ____________ (peptidyl hydroxylase); α-KG, then, is decarboxylated to succinate

A

peptide- bound proline

prolyl hydroxylase

453
Q

Enzyme : addition of groups to double bonds, or

formation of double bonds by removal of groups

A

Lyases

454
Q

best supplement recommended for strict vegetarian

A

Vitamin B12

455
Q

Non-essential amino acid formed via hydroxylation of peptide-bound lysine by lysyl hydroxylase

A

5-Hydroxylysine

456
Q

Found in Organelle support, cell shape, locomotion

A

Cytoskeleton

457
Q

proteins that assist the
noncovalent folding and unfolding and the assembly or disassembly of macromolecular structures; heat- shock proteins (HSPs)

A

Molecular chaperones

458
Q

Positive Result : Sakaguchi

A

Red

459
Q

DnaG + pre-priming complex

A

Primosome

460
Q

Binding of the charged tRNA at the AUG codon of the mRNA template

A

(anticodon loop)

461
Q

MOA (Reverse Transcription):

adenylate analogues: tenofovir, adefovir

A

Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (ntRTI)

462
Q

Cofactor : Mn+2

A

arginase, ribonucleotide reductase

463
Q

contain permanently associated non-amino acid chemical components
(prosthetic group)

A

Conjugated Proteins

464
Q

Type of Amino acid that must be obtained from the diet

A

Essential Amino Acid

H. MATTILL V.P

465
Q

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Deficiency

A
  • Hypochromic microcystis anemia
  • Resemble Niacin & Riboflavin abnormalities - Neurologic Abnormalities
  • Tryptophan loading dose maybe used for its
    diagnosis
466
Q

Oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA; co- generation of NADH from NAD+

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

467
Q

Enzyme that cleaves F, Y, W from the bovine pancreas

A

Chymotrypsin (Carboxy)

468
Q

the principal sterol in feces

A

Coprostanol

469
Q

equivalent to the number of substrate molecules converted to product in a given unit of time on a single enzyme molecule when the enzyme is saturated with substrate

A

Turnover number (kcat)

470
Q

agar that yields d- and l-galactose on hydrolysis

A

Agarose

471
Q

Hydration of fumarate to give malate

A

Fumarase

472
Q

Deficiency: phosphofructokinase

Tissue Affected:muscle

A

Tarui’s

473
Q

Isomerization of citrate to isocitrate

A

Aconitase

474
Q

where an inhibitor
competes for the active site of an enzyme; same Vmax, but higher Km and double-reciprocal slope; e.g., methanol poisoning and treatment with ethanol

A

Competitive Inhibition

475
Q

MOA (Translation):
macrolides, clindamycin, linezolid,
chloramphenicol, streptogramins

A

Inhibition of the 50S ribosomal subunit

476
Q

nutritionally semiessential

A

Histidine and Arginine

477
Q

Place where ribosomes are produced

A

Nucleolus

478
Q

Positive result : Fehling’s

A

Brick red precipitate

479
Q

Positive Result: Molish

A

Purple ring at junction

480
Q

5 carbons; common in nature

A

Pentose

481
Q

consists of repeating disaccharide units containing GcA and GalNAc, which is substituted with sulfate at either its 4’ or its 6’ position; in cartilage, tendons, ligaments and walls of aorta

A

Chondroitin sulfate

482
Q

esters of fatty acids with various

alcohols

A

Simple Lipids

483
Q

is converted to calciferol upon exposure to

ultraviolet light

A

7-Dehydrocholesterol

484
Q

16:1 (9c)

A

Palmitoleic acid

485
Q

must be supplemented in poisonings caused by Cycloserin & Isoniazid

A

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

486
Q

Implication due to accumulation of these insoluble, spontaneously aggregating proteins (amyloids)

A

Amyloid diseases

487
Q

a precursor of vitamin A which does not occur In plants,

but in its place are compound that are converted into Vitamin A in the small animal body

A

Beta-carotene

488
Q

carries genetic information from the nuclear DNA to the cytosol;
template for protein synthesis

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

489
Q

Known is Japanese isinglass

A

Agar

490
Q

20–25% excreted as urea, Release nitrogen as uric acid in the form of semisolid guano

A

ureotelic

491
Q

Test for reducing sugar but not ketone

A

Fehling’s test

492
Q

5’→3’ exonuclease activity

A

(nick translation during DNA repair);

493
Q

Coenzyme : FAD/FMN

A

electron

494
Q

contiguous non-overlapping groups of three nucleotides or codons in a polynucleotide, used to specify a polypeptide sequence; specified by an initiation (start) codon AUG

A

Reading frame

495
Q

Enzyme : group transfer reactions

A

Transferases

496
Q

natural form of Vitamin K1

A

Phylloquinone

497
Q

defect in the activity of one or more catabolic

enzymes, particularly in sphingolipid and sterol metabolism

A

Lipidoses

498
Q

due to a deficiency
in aldolase B; results in the buildup of fructose-1- phosphate will deplete the local pool of ATP and inorganic phosphate; symptoms include bloating, nausea, and vomiting; eventually, severe damage to the liver and kidney can occur

A

Hereditary fructose intolerance

499
Q

Process of transferring information to DNA for conservation of
inherited traits.

A

Replication

500
Q

the process of recycling proteins into their constituent amino acids, for reuse by the cell

A

Protein Turnover

501
Q

Formed via transamination of pyruvate; transfer of α- amino group from glutamate by transaminase

A

Alanine

502
Q

COX inhibits the formation of a peroxide and a cyclopentane ring on arachidonic acid

A

Cyclo-oxygenase (COX) Inhibition

503
Q

Pur→Pyr (or Pyr→Pur); e.g., deamination of A (hypoxanthine “read” as C):G

A

Transversion

504
Q

lack of Vitamin C (ascorbic acid), which is required for the hydroxylation of Pro and Lys in collagen by prolyl and lysyl hydroxylases;

A

Scurvy

505
Q

Pancreatic and intestinal wall _______break down cholesterol esters to free cholesterol and fatty acids.

A

esterases

506
Q

based on solubility (“salting out” using

ammonium sulfate) and size/charge (column chromatography)

A

Fractionation

507
Q

Positive Result : Knoop

A

blue or violet

508
Q

Fatty acids that contain one double bond

A

Monounsaturated (monoethenoid, mono- enoic) acids

509
Q

Ubiquitous; constitutive in all tissues makes hormones, i.e., PGs to keep the stomach
lining intact and the kidneys functioning properly

A

COX-1

510
Q

Known as the control center

A

Nucleus

511
Q

Site of protein synthesis (ribosomes)

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

512
Q

thought to elongate the leading strand;

with 3’→5’ exonuclease activity

A

Pol ε

513
Q

Biological Function of Protein: Regulatory

A

Calmodulin, transcription factors

514
Q

Glycosphingolipid in the (extraneural tissues)

A

glucosylceramide

515
Q

Positive result for Lead Acetate

A

Black (PbS)

516
Q

Mutation (Process)

A

Substitution > Deletion > Insertion

517
Q

DHAP is converted to (Glycolysis)gyceraldehyde-3- phosphate by

A

triose phosphate isomerase

518
Q

Known as “splitting sugar” main catabolic pathway for glucose (and other sugars), which yields pyruvate and ATP

A

Glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhof Pathway)

519
Q

Positive Result : Pauly’s diazo

A

red

- diazotization and coupling (azo dye)

520
Q

the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate
precursors: pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, glucogenic
amino acids, and fatty acids

A

Gluconeogenesis

521
Q

Nucleosides of purines end in (1);

those of pyrimidines end in (2).

A

–osine

–idine

522
Q

Enzyme : transfer of groups within molecules to

yield isomeric forms

A

Isomerases

523
Q

a purified mixture of dextrose (≥93% dextrose)

A

Dextrates

524
Q

mammalian carbohydrate storage molecule; analogous to amylopectin in structure; larger and with more frequent branching (about every 10 residues)

A

Glycogen

525
Q

18:1 (9t); in hydrogenated fat

A

Elaidic acid

526
Q

plant steroid derived from Ergosterol

A

Ergocalciferol (Vit D2)

527
Q

Charging of tRNA at the CCA end (3’ end) with aminoacyl-tRNA to form

A

aminoacyl-tRNA

528
Q

long

protein filaments shaped like rods or wires; structural or storage; inert and water-insoluble; not easily denatured

A

Fibrous proteins (scleroproteins)

529
Q

in the cells of the muscle (G6P for glycolysis→ ?)

A

Contraction

530
Q

Diagnostic Enzymes:
Hepatolenticular
degeneration disease)

A

Ceruloplasmin

531
Q

removes entire oligonucleotide; uses UV-specific endonuclease (uvrABC excinuclease in E. coli)

A

Nucleotide-excision repair (NER)

532
Q

in nucleotides, the nucleoside is _______ on the _______ of sugar

A

(1) Phosphorylated

(2) Hydroxyl groups

533
Q

the breakdown of the tertiary structure of a protein; precipitation or loss of catalytic activity; excessive heat or extreme pH values

A

Denaturation

534
Q

free energy carrier for reactions , transport, work and other activities

A

ATP, GTP

535
Q

General test for Carbohydrates

A

Molisch Test/Osazone formation

536
Q

emulsify fats in the small intestine → micelles.

A

Bile salts

537
Q

Used to know the sequence short peptides;

A

Edman degradation

538
Q

Example of β-pleated sheet

A

silk fibroin, amyloid β or

amyloid plaque

539
Q

Glucose Transporter : Brain

A

GLUT 1

540
Q

The substrate concentration that produces half- maximal velocity

A

Km value or Michaelis constant

541
Q

carries out telomere synthesis in eukaryotes

A

Telomerase

542
Q

the nucleosome which consists of 8 histone molecules and 146 nucleotide pairs of DNA

A

Quaternary Structure

543
Q

Condensation of oxaloacetate with acetyl-CoA

A

Citrate synthase

544
Q

Positive test for Benedicts

Big amount of sugar

A

Red orange or red

545
Q

Inositide

A

(phosphatidylinositol) – inositol

546
Q

Cofactor: Cu+2

A

cytochrome oxidase

547
Q

the ability of certain anticocon to pair w/ codons that differ at the third base.

A

Wobble

548
Q

lipids containing, in addition to fatty acids and an alcohol, a phosphate residue; frequently have nitrogen bases and other
substituents

A

Phospholipids

549
Q

Coenzyme : tetrahydrofolate

A

one-carbon groups

550
Q

Biological Function of Protein: Catalyst

A

Enzymes

551
Q

reductions in the amount of RBCs or hemoglobin (Hgb) in the blood;

A

Anemia

552
Q

Enzyme that turns glutamate to Glutamine

A

Glutamine synthetase

553
Q

differ only in configuration at the hemiacetal or hemiketal carbon (anomeric carbon);

A

Anomers

554
Q

Example of Globular proteins

A

hemoglobin, immunoglobulin, α-, β-, and γ- globulins, albumin, actin and tubulin, and many enzymes

555
Q

Glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhof Pathway) takes place in?

A

Cytosol

556
Q

in ribonucleosides and 2’-deoxyribonucleosides, D-

ribose or 2-deoxy- D-ribose, respectively, is linked via a β-N-glycosidic bond to ______?

A

N-9 of purine

N-1 of a pyrimidine

557
Q

“scavenges” unwanted, excess cholesterol, partly from cell breakdown, back to liver for excretion

A

High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)

558
Q

major constituent in shells of crustaceans; similar in structure to cellulose; composed of β1→4 linked N-acetylglucosamine residues (GlcNAc)

A

Chitin

559
Q

Used in the ligand cross-linked to beads

A

Affinity chromatography

560
Q

known as “waste basket”; breaks down macromolecules and digests worn out cell components

A

Lysosome

561
Q

Coenzyme : coenzyme B12

A

H and alkyl

562
Q

due to deficiency in thiamine (vitamin B1) in the diet; causes both neurologic and cardiovascular symptoms, including edema and heart enlargement

A

Beri-beri

563
Q

by Emil Fischer; the substrate must fit into the active site of the enzyme precisely so that functional groups align properly and there is a good steric fit

A

Lock-and-Key Model (Rigid Template Model)

564
Q

discontinous stretches in which the lagging

strand is initially synthesized during DNA replication

A

Okazaki Fragments

565
Q

Phosphatidylserine

A

serine

566
Q

following massive crush injury,
myoglobin is released from ruptured muscle fibers and
appears in the urine; dark-colored urine

A

Myoglobinuria

567
Q

transport from low concentration in the lumen to
a high concentration in the cell is promoted by the cotransport of Na+ from a high concentration in the lumen to a low concentration in the cell

A

Sodium-dependent glucose transporters

568
Q

Glycogenesis occurs in the ?

A

cytosol

569
Q

Infectious agent composed of protein in a misfolded form (amyloid);

A

Prion disease

570
Q

Synthesis of DNA, 5’ to 3’ direction, Semiconservative, discontinuous

A

Replication

571
Q

Types of Eicosanoids

A

Prostanoids/Leukotrienes/Lipoxins

572
Q

Location and Enzyme that cleaves Lysine and Arginine

A

Trypsin (Bovine Pancreas)

573
Q

Deficiency: amylo-1,6-glucosidase (“debranching enzyme”)

Tissue Affected: liver, muscle

A

Cori’s

574
Q

Group and Code:Methionine

A

Aliphatic;M

575
Q

manifestations of Pellagra:

A
  • Dementia (CNS disorder)
  • Diarrhea
  • Dermatitis
576
Q

DNA physiologic conditions, right-handed

A

B-DNA

577
Q

similar to agar , but some residues are methylated, sulfated, or in a cyclic ketal with
pyruvic acid

A

Agaropectin

578
Q

Group and Code:Threonine

A

Polar;T

579
Q

the synthesis of α-globin chains is

decreased or absent (point mutations)

A

α-thalassemias

580
Q

include NSAIDS (ASA, ibuprofen, mefenamic acid, naproxen, etc.)

A

nonselective COX inhibitors

581
Q

Suicide inactivators:

azaserine

A

inhibits formylglycinamide

ribonucleotide aminotransferase

582
Q

cleave within the chain to produce single-stranded nicks

A

Endonucleases

583
Q

Group and Code: Arginine

A

Basic;R

584
Q

Test for reducing sugar

A

Benedict’s Reagent

585
Q

the separation of DNA strands; high G-C content, high melting point (Tm)

A

DNA Denaturation

586
Q

Serine is from _____________ intermediate in glycolysis

A

D-3-phosphoglycerate

587
Q

one base (or base-pair) is replaced by another

A

Substitution

588
Q

consist of repeating Gal-GlcNAc disaccharide units containing sulfate attached to the 6’ position of GlcNAc or occasionally of Gal

A

Keratan sulfate

589
Q

used in the evaluation of enzyme inhibitors

A

Lineweaver-Burk Equation (Double-Reciprocal)

590
Q

results in lower NADPH levels, and consequently, less glutathione (GSH) in reduced form; cells become more susceptible to oxidant attack, e.g., RBCs are especially susceptible to hemolysis

A

Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency

591
Q

due to absence of galactose-1-P uridyl transferase activity or due to deficiency in galactokinase (less common form); unmetabolized galactose eventually causes liver damage, mental retardation,
and cataracts

A

Galactosemia

592
Q

Example of Simple proteins

A

ribonuclease (RNAse) A and chymotrypsinogen

593
Q

makes PGs whose release leads to

inflammation, pain, and fever

A

COX-2

594
Q

Nitrogenous bases pyrimidines?

A

C / U / T

595
Q

a mixture of glycosaminoglycans (anionic mucopolysaccharides), which are polymers containing uronic acid residues, that alternate with glucosamine (GlcN) derivatives (most are sulfated, few are acetylated); anticoagulant

A

Heparin

596
Q

MOA (DNA Replication): nalidixic acid, quinolones

A

Inhibition of DNA gyrase

597
Q

impaired production of RBCs

A

folic acid or vitamin B12 deficiency

598
Q

Steps in PCR

A

Denaturation -> Annealing->Extension/ Elongation

599
Q

repair (“gap filling”)

A

Pol β

600
Q

the folding pattern of the chain induced by the spatial arrangement of close-lying amino acid residues

A

Secondary Proteins

Module 2 (3 decks)

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