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Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Atom

A

Building blocks of matter

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2
Q

Nucleus

A

Center of the atom where the neutrons and protons are located

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3
Q

Element

A

Pure substances that cannot be broken down into other substances

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4
Q

Compound

A

When 2 or more elements combine

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5
Q

Molecule

A

Compound in which the atoms are held together by covalent bonds

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6
Q

Ion

A

An atom that has given up or gained one or more electrons becomes an ion and carries an electric charge

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7
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Electrical attraction between 2 oppositely charged ions

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8
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Forms when atoms share electrons

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9
Q

Solution

A

Another name for a homeogeneous mixture

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10
Q

Solute

A

Substance that is dissolved in the solvent

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11
Q

Solvent

A

Another name for a homogeneous mixture

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12
Q

pH Scale

A

Ranges from 0 to 14; measure of H+ in a solution

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13
Q

Acid

A

Substances that release hydrogen ions when dissolved in H2O.

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14
Q

Base

A

Substances that release hydroxide ions when dissolved in H2O

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15
Q

Buffers

A

Mixtures that can react with acids or bases to keep the pH within a certain range

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16
Q

Chemical Reaction

A

Process by which atoms or groups of atoms in substances are reorganized into different substances

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17
Q

Reactant

A

On the left side of the equation are the starting substances

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18
Q

Product

A

On the right side of the equation are the substances formed during the reaction.

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19
Q

Polar Molecule

A

Molecules that have an unequal distribution of charges

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20
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

A weak interaction involving a hydrogen atom and a fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen atom.

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21
Q

Macromolecule

A

Large molecules that are formed by joining smaller organic molecules together

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22
Q

Polymer

A

Made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical compounds called monomers

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23
Q

Carbohydrate

A

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with a ratio of 1 oxygen and 2 hydrogen atoms for each carbon

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24
Q

Lipid

A

Molecules made mostly of carbon and hydrogen

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25
Nucleic Acid
Complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information
26
Nuleotide
Repeating subunits
27
Protein
Small carbon compounds called amino acids
28
Amino Acid
Made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and sometimes Sulfur
29
Peptide Bond
Bond formed between amino acids
30
Acitve SIte
Specific location where the substrate binds on the enzyme
31
Catalyst
Substance that lowers the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction
32
Enzyme
Biological catalyst
33
Substrate
Reactants that bind to the enzyme
34
Activation Energy
The minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction
35
Universal solvent
Water can dissolve many substances | --> It provides an aqueous (watery) environment for cells for diffusion and reactions
36
Polar Molecule
Hydrogen's are partially positive and oxygen is partially negative
37
Hydrogen Bonds
Bonds formed BETWEEN water molecules due to opposite charges
38
Cohesion
Water molecules stick together
39
Adhesion
Water molecules stick to other substances
40
Surface tension
Hydrogen bonds between water molecules cause a "film" to develop at the surface --> Insects can walk on water
41
Capillary Action
Water can "climb" structures due to cohesion and adhesion
42
Solid Expansion
``` Ice Floats (it is less dense as a solid) --> insulates lakes so organisms can live ```
43
High Specific Heat
Water can absorb lots of energy before the temperature increases - -> It is resistant to temperature change - -> Helps keep the enviornment warmer
44
High Heat of Vaporization
Large amounts of heat energy is needed to change water from a liquid to a gas --> Evaporation helps cool the body
45
There are beads of water stuck to a spider web on your swing set: What property is this?
Adhesion
46
What property is this? | You are out of koolaid so you fill up a pitcher of water and add the powder.
Universal Solvent
47
You decide to make your mac and cheese for dinner. You put a pot of water on the stove to boil and it seems to take forever.
High Specific Heat
48
You fill up your water bottle and put it in the freezer. The next morning you notice that the water bottle is cracked.
Solid Expansion
49
You are at the lake swimming and notice a spider scurrying across the water beside you.
Surface Tension
50
Temperature change between seasons is gradual rather than sudden, especially near the oceans.
High Specific Heat
51
pH-
A measurement of how basic or acidic a substance is
52
pH Scale
Ranges from 0-14
53
Acids (pH)
pH <7 Sour Taste Lots of Hydrogen Ions (H+)
54
Bases (Alkaline) - pH
pH > 7 Bitter Taste Lots of Hydroxide Ions Ions (OH)
55
Inorganic Compounds | List some examples
Do NOT contain both carbon and hydrogen | NaCl, CO2, HCl
56
Organic Compounds | List some examples
Do contain both carbon and hydrogen | CH4, C6H12O6
57
What are the 4 groups of macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
58
What are carbohydrates?
Sugars and starch
59
What does monosaccharide mean?
Mono means one and saccharide means sugar : One Sugar
60
What are two examples of a monosaccharide?
Glucose and Fructose
61
What does disaccharide mean?
Di means two : Two sugars
62
What is an example of a disaccharide?
Sucrose (Table Sugar)
63
What are some things to remember about a polysaccharide?
- Long chain of sugars - Storage molecule in plants used for energy reserve - Found in cell wall of plants - Storage molecule in animals (Found in liver and muscle)
64
Describe the role of the carbohydrates: | List 3 examples
To provide and store energy | Exs. Sugar, Potatoes, Candy
65
What are lipids?
Fats, Oils, and Waxes
66
What is the role of the lipids?
Energy storage and insulation
67
What are proteins?
Chains of Amino Acids
68
What are examples of proteins?
Horomones, muscles, hair, nails, and enzymes
69
What are the three types of proteins?
Amino Acids, Polypeptide, and enzymes
70
What are nucleic acids?
Large chains of nulceotides
71
What are two nucleic acids
Nucleotides, Two Nucleic Acids
72
What is the role of the nucleic acids?
Contains genetic info (DNA) | Use to make proteins (RNA)

Biology (4 decks)

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