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Biochemistry Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Atom

A

Building blocks of matter

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2
Q

Nucleus

A

Center of the atom where the neutrons and protons are located

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3
Q

Element

A

Pure substances that cannot be broken down into other substances

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4
Q

Compound

A

When 2 or more elements combine

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5
Q

Molecule

A

Compound in which the atoms are held together by covalent bonds

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6
Q

Ion

A

An atom that has given up or gained one or more electrons becomes an ion and carries an electric charge

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7
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Electrical attraction between 2 oppositely charged ions

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8
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Forms when atoms share electrons

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9
Q

Solution

A

Another name for a homeogeneous mixture

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10
Q

Solute

A

Substance that is dissolved in the solvent

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11
Q

Solvent

A

Another name for a homogeneous mixture

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12
Q

pH Scale

A

Ranges from 0 to 14; measure of H+ in a solution

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13
Q

Acid

A

Substances that release hydrogen ions when dissolved in H2O.

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14
Q

Base

A

Substances that release hydroxide ions when dissolved in H2O

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15
Q

Buffers

A

Mixtures that can react with acids or bases to keep the pH within a certain range

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16
Q

Chemical Reaction

A

Process by which atoms or groups of atoms in substances are reorganized into different substances

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17
Q

Reactant

A

On the left side of the equation are the starting substances

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18
Q

Product

A

On the right side of the equation are the substances formed during the reaction.

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19
Q

Polar Molecule

A

Molecules that have an unequal distribution of charges

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20
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

A weak interaction involving a hydrogen atom and a fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen atom.

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21
Q

Macromolecule

A

Large molecules that are formed by joining smaller organic molecules together

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22
Q

Polymer

A

Made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical compounds called monomers

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23
Q

Carbohydrate

A

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with a ratio of 1 oxygen and 2 hydrogen atoms for each carbon

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24
Q

Lipid

A

Molecules made mostly of carbon and hydrogen

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25
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

Complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information

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26
Q

Nuleotide

A

Repeating subunits

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27
Q

Protein

A

Small carbon compounds called amino acids

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28
Q

Amino Acid

A

Made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and sometimes Sulfur

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29
Q

Peptide Bond

A

Bond formed between amino acids

30
Q

Acitve SIte

A

Specific location where the substrate binds on the enzyme

31
Q

Catalyst

A

Substance that lowers the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction

32
Q

Enzyme

A

Biological catalyst

33
Q

Substrate

A

Reactants that bind to the enzyme

34
Q

Activation Energy

A

The minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction

35
Q

Universal solvent

A

Water can dissolve many substances

–> It provides an aqueous (watery) environment for cells for diffusion and reactions

36
Q

Polar Molecule

A

Hydrogen’s are partially positive and oxygen is partially negative

37
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

Bonds formed BETWEEN water molecules due to opposite charges

38
Q

Cohesion

A

Water molecules stick together

39
Q

Adhesion

A

Water molecules stick to other substances

40
Q

Surface tension

A

Hydrogen bonds between water molecules cause a “film” to develop at the surface
–> Insects can walk on water

41
Q

Capillary Action

A

Water can “climb” structures due to cohesion and adhesion

42
Q

Solid Expansion

A 
Ice Floats (it is less dense as a solid) 
--> insulates lakes so organisms can live
43
Q

High Specific Heat

A

Water can absorb lots of energy before the temperature increases

  • -> It is resistant to temperature change
  • -> Helps keep the enviornment warmer
44
Q

High Heat of Vaporization

A

Large amounts of heat energy is needed to change water from a liquid to a gas
–> Evaporation helps cool the body

45
Q

There are beads of water stuck to a spider web on your swing set:
What property is this?

A

Adhesion

46
Q

What property is this?

You are out of koolaid so you fill up a pitcher of water and add the powder.

A

Universal Solvent

47
Q

You decide to make your mac and cheese for dinner. You put a pot of water on the stove to boil and it seems to take forever.

A

High Specific Heat

48
Q

You fill up your water bottle and put it in the freezer. The next morning you notice that the water bottle is cracked.

A

Solid Expansion

49
Q

You are at the lake swimming and notice a spider scurrying across the water beside you.

A

Surface Tension

50
Q

Temperature change between seasons is gradual rather than sudden, especially near the oceans.

A

High Specific Heat

51
Q

pH-

A

A measurement of how basic or acidic a substance is

52
Q

pH Scale

A

Ranges from 0-14

53
Q

Acids (pH)

A

pH <7
Sour Taste
Lots of Hydrogen Ions
(H+)

54
Q

Bases (Alkaline) - pH

A

pH > 7
Bitter Taste
Lots of Hydroxide Ions
Ions (OH)

55
Q

Inorganic Compounds

List some examples

A

Do NOT contain both carbon and hydrogen

NaCl, CO2, HCl

56
Q

Organic Compounds

List some examples

A

Do contain both carbon and hydrogen

CH4, C6H12O6

57
Q

What are the 4 groups of macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

58
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Sugars and starch

59
Q

What does monosaccharide mean?

A

Mono means one and saccharide means sugar : One Sugar

60
Q

What are two examples of a monosaccharide?

A

Glucose and Fructose

61
Q

What does disaccharide mean?

A

Di means two : Two sugars

62
Q

What is an example of a disaccharide?

A

Sucrose (Table Sugar)

63
Q

What are some things to remember about a polysaccharide?

A
  • Long chain of sugars
  • Storage molecule in plants used for energy reserve
  • Found in cell wall of plants
  • Storage molecule in animals (Found in liver and muscle)
64
Q

Describe the role of the carbohydrates:

List 3 examples

A

To provide and store energy

Exs. Sugar, Potatoes, Candy

65
Q

What are lipids?

A

Fats, Oils, and Waxes

66
Q

What is the role of the lipids?

A

Energy storage and insulation

67
Q

What are proteins?

A

Chains of Amino Acids

68
Q

What are examples of proteins?

A

Horomones, muscles, hair, nails, and enzymes

69
Q

What are the three types of proteins?

A

Amino Acids, Polypeptide, and enzymes

70
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

Large chains of nulceotides

71
Q

What are two nucleic acids

A

Nucleotides, Two Nucleic Acids

72
Q

What is the role of the nucleic acids?

A

Contains genetic info (DNA)

Use to make proteins (RNA)

Biology (4 decks)

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