Biochemistry Flashcards
0
Q
Define Biochemistry
A
The chemistry of life
1
Q
Define atom:
A
Basic unit of life
2
Q
Atoms are composed of:
A
Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
3
Q
Define element:
A
Simplest form of a substance
4
Q
The ATOM is the basic unit of _____
A
Matter
5
Q
Proton is _____ charge
A
Positive
6
Q
Neutrons have ______ charge
A
Neutral
7
Q
Electrons have _____ charge
A
Negative
8
Q
Define molecule:
A
Consists of 2 or more atoms held together by bonds
9
Q
What is a chemical reaction?
A
Transformation of one substance to another substance
10
Q
What are the starting materials in reactions called?
A
Reactants
11
Q
What are the results in a reaction?
A
Products
12
Q
What are the 2 types of compounds?
A
Organic and inorganic
13
Q
Organic compounds contain
A
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
14
Q
What do inorganic compounds contain?
A
Water and carbon dioxide
15
Q
What does CHNOPS stand for?
A
Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorous Suffer
16
Q
The earth is how old?
A
4.5 billion years
17
Q
What are water’s four characteristics?
A
Cohesive behavior, ability to moderate temperature, expansion upon freezing, versatility as a solvent
18
Q
What are hydrogen bonds?
A
Attractions between hydrogen and other atoms
19
Q
What is cohesion?
A
The tendency of molecules to stick together.
20
Q
What is adhesion?
A
Attraction between different substances (ex: water and plants)
21
Q
What is surface tension?
A
The measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid
22
Q
When hydrogen bonds break heat is ________
A
Absorbed
23
Q
When hydrogen bonds form heat is ______
A
Released
24
What is evaporation?
Change of a liquid to a gas
25
Ice floats in liquid because
Hydrogen bonds are more ordered and the ice becomes less dense
26
Acids almost always begin with the letter ___ because ______________.
H, because of the excess hydrogen ions.
27
Examples of acids:
Lemon juice, stomach acid, rain, acid rain
28
Acids turn litmus paper ___
Red
29
Based almost always end in the letters __ because ______________.
OH, because of the excess hydroxide ions.
30
Examples of bases:
Bleach, sea water, ammonia, baking soda, blood, and oven cleaner
31
Based turn litmus paper ____
Blue
32
The pH scale is used to determine:
The acidity of a solution
33
pH over 7=
Base
34
pH under =
Acid
35
Internal pH of most living cells must remain close to:
7
36
What are buffers?
Substances that minimize changes in concentration of Hydrogen and Hydroxide in a solution
37
What do buffers prevent?
Harmful changes in pH
38
Simple sugars are called:
Monosaccharides
39
Kinds of simple sugars:
Sucrose sugar, glucose and fructose
40
Example of sucrose
Sports drink
41
Example of fructose/glucose
Fruit
42
Complex Carbs are called:
Polysaccharides
43
Examples of polysaccharides:
Cellulose and starch (pasta & potatoes)
44
Lipids are:
Fat molecules that perform essential body functions
45
Lipids provide long term ____ for the body
Energy/fuel
46
Lipids provide protection for:
Organs
47
Proteins are formed by:
Amino acids linking
48
There are __ Amino Acids
20
49
Nucleus acids are:
Information storing molecules that provide direction for building proteins
50
Two types of nucleus acids:
DNA and RNA
51
Examples of lipids:
Hydrocarbons, cholesterol, and glycerol
52
The function of simple and complex carbs is to:
Give fuel for cellular work
53
Function of proteins is to:
Perform most of the tasks the body needs to function
54
Chemical reactions always involve:
The breaking of bonds and the forming of new bonds in products.
55
When energy is taken in is is called
Endothermic
56
When energy is given off it is called:
Exothermic
57
Endothermic organisms are ____ blooded and (can/can not) regulate body temperature.
Warm, can
58
Exothermic organisms are ____ blooded and (can/can not) regulate body temperature.
Cold, can not
59
Example of endothermic organisms:
Mammals, birds
60
Examples of Exothermic organisms:
Amphibians and reptiles
61
H2O2 means
Hydrogen peroxide
62
H2O means
Water
63
O2 means
Oxygen gas
64
Catalase is an:
Enzyme found in liver
65
What speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without entering the reaction itself?
Catalysts
66
Enzymes are:
Organic catalysts made of protein
67
Most enzymes end in ___.
ase
68
Enzymes lower _____ energy.
Activation
69
What is activation energy?
Energy needed to start a chemical reaction.
70
Substrates are:
Molecules upon which an enzyme acts
71
What is the lock and key theory?
Each enzyme is specific for only one substrate.
72
Temperature strongly influences:
Enzyme activity
73
High or low pH usually slows down ___
Enzyme activity
74
Above 45 degrees Celsius enzymes are
Denaturated
75
What is denaturation?
Change in shape so enzyme active sites no longer fit with their substrate and the enzyme can't function.
76
When there is a fixed amount of enzyme and an excess number of substrate molecules, the rate of reaction will:
Increase to a point and then level off
77
Notation used to represent atoms and bonding is called:
Structural
78
The 2 types of chemical bonds are:
Ionic and covalent
79
A covalent bonds occur when electrons are _____ by atoms.
Shared
80
A mixture is:
Material composed of 2 or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed.
81
A solvent is:
Dissolving agent of a solution
82
The solute is:
The substance that is dissolved
83
Aqueous solution is:
A solutions when water is the solvent
84
A solution is:
A liquid that is a homogenous mixture of substances
85
In a ninpilar covalent bond the atoms share:
Electrons equally
86
In a polar covalent bond, the atoms ____ share the electrons equally.
Do not
87
Kinetic energy is the energy of:
Motion
88
What is a measure of the total amount of kinetic energy?
Heat
89
What measures the intensity of heat due to the average kinetic energy of molecules?
Temperature
90
A monomer is:
The basic building block of macromolecules.
91
A polymer is:
A chain of monomers.
92
All disaccharides have the formula:
C12H22O11
93
Disaccharides are also known as:
Double sugars
94
A double sugar bond is an example is a _______ linkage.
Glycosidic
95
Polysaccharides are formed of:
Three or more simple sugar units.
96
Animal starch stored in liver is called:
Glycogen
97
Sugar indigestible to humans are called
Cellulose
98
Sugar used as energy storage are called
Starches
99
Amino acids are linked by
Peptide bonds
100
Examples of proteins include:
Insulin, hemoglobin, and enzymes
101
The reactant in an enzyme reaction is called a:
Substrate
102
DNA looks like
Spiraled ribbons
103
RNA looks like
One ribbon
104
DNA provides direction for its own:
Replication
105
DNA directs the synthesis of messenger RNA which controls:
Protein synthesis
106
Nucleic Acids consist of 3 parts:
1. 5 Carbon Sugar
2. Phosphate group
3. Nitrogenous base
107
Nucleoside=
nitrogenous base+sugar
108
The 2 families of nitrogenous bases are:
1. Pyrimidines
| 2. Purines
109
In DNA the sugar is:
deoxyribose
110
In RNA the sugar is:
ribose
111
Nucleotide=
nucleoside+ phosphate group
112
Nucleotide polymers are linked together to make:
polynucleotides
113
Adenine always pairs with:
Thymine
114
Guanine always pairs with:
Cytosine
115
When a double helix runs in a 5'3' it is known as a:
antiparallel
117
A phospholipid is:
2 fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol
118
What are the 3 steps of the nucleus acids?
Forms RNA, moves RNA to cytoplasm, builds proteins.
