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Biochemistry Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Define Biochemistry

A

The chemistry of life

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1
Q

Define atom:

A

Basic unit of life

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2
Q

Atoms are composed of:

A

Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

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3
Q

Define element:

A

Simplest form of a substance

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4
Q

The ATOM is the basic unit of _____

A

Matter

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5
Q

Proton is _____ charge

A

Positive

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6
Q

Neutrons have ______ charge

A

Neutral

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7
Q

Electrons have _____ charge

A

Negative

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8
Q

Define molecule:

A

Consists of 2 or more atoms held together by bonds

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9
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

Transformation of one substance to another substance

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10
Q

What are the starting materials in reactions called?

A

Reactants

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11
Q

What are the results in a reaction?

A

Products

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12
Q

What are the 2 types of compounds?

A

Organic and inorganic

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13
Q

Organic compounds contain

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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14
Q

What do inorganic compounds contain?

A

Water and carbon dioxide

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15
Q

What does CHNOPS stand for?

A 
Carbon 
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorous
Suffer
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16
Q

The earth is how old?

A

4.5 billion years

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17
Q

What are water’s four characteristics?

A

Cohesive behavior, ability to moderate temperature, expansion upon freezing, versatility as a solvent

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18
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

Attractions between hydrogen and other atoms

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19
Q

What is cohesion?

A

The tendency of molecules to stick together.

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20
Q

What is adhesion?

A

Attraction between different substances (ex: water and plants)

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21
Q

What is surface tension?

A

The measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

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22
Q

When hydrogen bonds break heat is ________

A

Absorbed

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23
Q

When hydrogen bonds form heat is ______

A

Released

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24
Q

What is evaporation?

A

Change of a liquid to a gas

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25
Q

Ice floats in liquid because

A

Hydrogen bonds are more ordered and the ice becomes less dense

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26
Q

Acids almost always begin with the letter ___ because ______________.

A

H, because of the excess hydrogen ions.

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27
Q

Examples of acids:

A

Lemon juice, stomach acid, rain, acid rain

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28
Q

Acids turn litmus paper ___

A

Red

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29
Q

Based almost always end in the letters __ because ______________.

A

OH, because of the excess hydroxide ions.

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30
Q

Examples of bases:

A

Bleach, sea water, ammonia, baking soda, blood, and oven cleaner

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31
Q

Based turn litmus paper ____

A

Blue

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32
Q

The pH scale is used to determine:

A

The acidity of a solution

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33
Q

pH over 7=

A

Base

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34
Q

pH under =

A

Acid

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35
Q

Internal pH of most living cells must remain close to:

A

7

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36
Q

What are buffers?

A

Substances that minimize changes in concentration of Hydrogen and Hydroxide in a solution

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37
Q

What do buffers prevent?

A

Harmful changes in pH

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38
Q

Simple sugars are called:

A

Monosaccharides

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39
Q

Kinds of simple sugars:

A

Sucrose sugar, glucose and fructose

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40
Q

Example of sucrose

A

Sports drink

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41
Q

Example of fructose/glucose

A

Fruit

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42
Q

Complex Carbs are called:

A

Polysaccharides

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43
Q

Examples of polysaccharides:

A

Cellulose and starch (pasta & potatoes)

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44
Q

Lipids are:

A

Fat molecules that perform essential body functions

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45
Q

Lipids provide long term ____ for the body

A

Energy/fuel

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46
Q

Lipids provide protection for:

A

Organs

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47
Q

Proteins are formed by:

A

Amino acids linking

48
Q

There are __ Amino Acids

A

20

49
Q

Nucleus acids are:

A

Information storing molecules that provide direction for building proteins

50
Q

Two types of nucleus acids:

A

DNA and RNA

51
Q

Examples of lipids:

A

Hydrocarbons, cholesterol, and glycerol

52
Q

The function of simple and complex carbs is to:

A

Give fuel for cellular work

53
Q

Function of proteins is to:

A

Perform most of the tasks the body needs to function

54
Q

Chemical reactions always involve:

A

The breaking of bonds and the forming of new bonds in products.

55
Q

When energy is taken in is is called

A

Endothermic

56
Q

When energy is given off it is called:

A

Exothermic

57
Q

Endothermic organisms are ____ blooded and (can/can not) regulate body temperature.

A

Warm, can

58
Q

Exothermic organisms are ____ blooded and (can/can not) regulate body temperature.

A

Cold, can not

59
Q

Example of endothermic organisms:

A

Mammals, birds

60
Q

Examples of Exothermic organisms:

A

Amphibians and reptiles

61
Q

H2O2 means

A

Hydrogen peroxide

62
Q

H2O means

A

Water

63
Q

O2 means

A

Oxygen gas

64
Q

Catalase is an:

A

Enzyme found in liver

65
Q

What speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without entering the reaction itself?

A

Catalysts

66
Q

Enzymes are:

A

Organic catalysts made of protein

67
Q

Most enzymes end in ___.

A

ase

68
Q

Enzymes lower _____ energy.

A

Activation

69
Q

What is activation energy?

A

Energy needed to start a chemical reaction.

70
Q

Substrates are:

A

Molecules upon which an enzyme acts

71
Q

What is the lock and key theory?

A

Each enzyme is specific for only one substrate.

72
Q

Temperature strongly influences:

A

Enzyme activity

73
Q

High or low pH usually slows down ___

A

Enzyme activity

74
Q

Above 45 degrees Celsius enzymes are

A

Denaturated

75
Q

What is denaturation?

A

Change in shape so enzyme active sites no longer fit with their substrate and the enzyme can’t function.

76
Q

When there is a fixed amount of enzyme and an excess number of substrate molecules, the rate of reaction will:

A

Increase to a point and then level off

77
Q

Notation used to represent atoms and bonding is called:

A

Structural

78
Q

The 2 types of chemical bonds are:

A

Ionic and covalent

79
Q

A covalent bonds occur when electrons are _____ by atoms.

A

Shared

80
Q

A mixture is:

A

Material composed of 2 or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed.

81
Q

A solvent is:

A

Dissolving agent of a solution

82
Q

The solute is:

A

The substance that is dissolved

83
Q

Aqueous solution is:

A

A solutions when water is the solvent

84
Q

A solution is:

A

A liquid that is a homogenous mixture of substances

85
Q

In a ninpilar covalent bond the atoms share:

A

Electrons equally

86
Q

In a polar covalent bond, the atoms ____ share the electrons equally.

A

Do not

87
Q

Kinetic energy is the energy of:

A

Motion

88
Q

What is a measure of the total amount of kinetic energy?

A

Heat

89
Q

What measures the intensity of heat due to the average kinetic energy of molecules?

A

Temperature

90
Q

A monomer is:

A

The basic building block of macromolecules.

91
Q

A polymer is:

A

A chain of monomers.

92
Q

All disaccharides have the formula:

A

C12H22O11

93
Q

Disaccharides are also known as:

A

Double sugars

94
Q

A double sugar bond is an example is a _______ linkage.

A

Glycosidic

95
Q

Polysaccharides are formed of:

A

Three or more simple sugar units.

96
Q

Animal starch stored in liver is called:

A

Glycogen

97
Q

Sugar indigestible to humans are called

A

Cellulose

98
Q

Sugar used as energy storage are called

A

Starches

99
Q

Amino acids are linked by

A

Peptide bonds

100
Q

Examples of proteins include:

A

Insulin, hemoglobin, and enzymes

101
Q

The reactant in an enzyme reaction is called a:

A

Substrate

102
Q

DNA looks like

A

Spiraled ribbons

103
Q

RNA looks like

A

One ribbon

104
Q

DNA provides direction for its own:

A

Replication

105
Q

DNA directs the synthesis of messenger RNA which controls:

A

Protein synthesis

106
Q

Nucleic Acids consist of 3 parts:

A
  1. 5 Carbon Sugar
  2. Phosphate group
  3. Nitrogenous base
107
Q

Nucleoside=

A

nitrogenous base+sugar

108
Q

The 2 families of nitrogenous bases are:

A
  1. Pyrimidines

2. Purines

109
Q

In DNA the sugar is:

A

deoxyribose

110
Q

In RNA the sugar is:

A

ribose

111
Q

Nucleotide=

A

nucleoside+ phosphate group

112
Q

Nucleotide polymers are linked together to make:

A

polynucleotides

113
Q

Adenine always pairs with:

A

Thymine

114
Q

Guanine always pairs with:

A

Cytosine

115
Q

When a double helix runs in a 5’3’ it is known as a:

A

antiparallel

117
Q

A phospholipid is:

A

2 fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol

118
Q

What are the 3 steps of the nucleus acids?

A

Forms RNA, moves RNA to cytoplasm, builds proteins.

Biology (3 decks)

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