Biochemistry Flashcards
inhibit adenylate cyclase
Epinephrine α2
acetylcholine
angiotensin II
stomatostatin
stimulate adenylate cyclase
Epinephrine β
ADH
ACTH
FSH
LH
MSH
TSH
PTH
glucagon
Calcium and phosphoinositides for number of hormones
Alpha1-adrenergic catecholamines
Vasopressin
Gonadotropin -releasing hormone (GnRH)
Oxytocin
activated by Group one of protein kinase cascade hormones
IRS (insulin receptor substrate)
activated by Group two of protein kinase cascade hormones
cytoplasmic proteins (STATs)
G protein mediated activation of phospholipase C
hormones of protein kinase cascade group 1we
insulin, epidermal growth factor (EGF) and insulin- like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)
hormones of protein cascade group two
growth hormone and prolactin
protein responsible for transporting cortisol
corticosteroid-binding globulin or transcortin
specific proteins transporting steroid hormones
- corticosteroid-binding globulin, or transcortin
- Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)
- Androgen binding protein (ABP)
nonspecific carrier of steroid hormones
Albumine
nonspecific carrier of steroid hormones
Albumine
synthesis of albumin is decreased by
inflammatory cytokines
albumin synthesized in liver as
preproalbumin
half life of albumin
20 days
plasma oncotic pressure is maintained mainly by
albumin
causes of hypoalbunemia
- decreased albumin synthesis (liver cirrhosis, malnutrition)
- increase losses of albumin
increase catabolism in infection
severe burns
increase loss in bowel
increase excretion by the kidneys (nephrotic syndrome)
effects of hypoalbuminemia
- Edema due to low oncotice pressure make fluids move into interstitial fluid
- Reduced transport of drugs and other substances in plasma
- Reduced protein-bound calcium
the cause of hyperalbuminemia
dehydration
function of a1 antitrypsin
inhibit proteases produced from leucocytes and bacteria
example of proteases
Digestive enzymes(trypsin, chymotrypsin)
other proteases (elastase and thrombin)
clinical pictures of a1 antitrypsin def.
- neonatal jaundice with evidence of cholestasis
- Childhood liver cirrhosis
- pulmonary emphysema
quatitative measurments of a1 antitrypsin by
isoelectric focusing
location of
synthesis of a fetoprotein
in developing embryo and fetus by the parenchymal cells of the liver
Elevated maternal AFP is associated by
Neural tube defect- anencephaly
decreased level of maternal AFP is associated by
Down syndrome
AFP is a tumor marker for
Hepatoma and testicular cancer
copper containing a2 globulin
ceruplasmin
how many copper atoms in ceruplasmin
eight
function of ceruplasmin
functions as a ferroxidase and helps in oxidation (conversion) of Fe++ to Fe+++ which can be incorporated into transferrin
increase in ceruplasmin associated with
pregnancy, inflammatory processes, malignancies, oral oestrogen therapy and contraceptive pills
decrease in ceruplasmin associated with
Wilson’s disease and in Menke’s disease
function of haptoglobulin
binds free hemoglobin so complec Hp-Hb is too large to pass through glomreulus
free Hb passes and precipitate in kidney causing kidney damage
causes of increase Hp
inflammation
infection
injury
malignancies
causes of Hp decrease
hemolytic anemia
acts as antioxidant
transferrin
acts as antioxidant
transferrin
Causes of decline in transferrin
burns, infections, malignant processes and liver and kidney diseases
Cause of relative transferrin excess
Iron-deficiency anemia
a component of human leukocyte antigen
B2 microglobulin
location of B2 microglobulin
on the surface of lymphocytes and most nucleated cells
causes of elevated serum levels of B2 microglobulin
impaired kideny disease
overproduction
B2 microglobulin is a tumor marker for
lymphomas
leukemia
multiple myeloma
classification of C reactive protein
B2 globulin
positive acute phase protein
a1 antitrypsin
ceruplasmin
haptoglobulin
C reactive protein
fibrinogen
ACH FC
function of the C reactive protien
its role to bind to phosphocoline expressed on the surface of dead cells and bacteria inorder to activate complement system
onset and reacting peak duration of C reactive protein after actute insult
2 hours
reach peak in 48 hours
classification of fibrinogen
B2 globulin
function and cause of increase of fibrinogen
fibrin precusour
increase in acute inflammation
mediators that increase release of acute phase proteins after injury
Cytokines (IL-1, IL-6)
tumor necrosis
factors a and B
interferons
platelet activating factor
proteins decrease in inflammation
albumin
prealbumin
transferrin
what is heme
is a metalloprophyrin in human, which consists of one Fe2+ coordinated in the center or the twtrapyrrole ring of protoporphyrinn IX
porphyria cutanea tarda
disease caused by def. of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase, which is involved in conversion of uroporphyrinogen to coproporphyrinogen
