Anatomy Flashcards
the other name of the pituitary gland
Hypophysis Cerebri
the master of endocrine glands
Pituitary glands
Hypophysis Cerebri attached to the hypothalamus by
Infundibulum
Pituitary glands are located in
sella turcica of sphenoid bone
Lobes of the pituitary glands
Anterior lobe (Adenohypophysis)
Posterior lobe (Neurohypophysis)
subdivision of the Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
Pars distalis
Pars intermedia
Pars tuberalis
separated from pars distalis by cleft (remnant of embryonic pouch)
Pars intermedia
the pars tuberalis extends up along …….. and …… surfaces of pituitary stalk
anterior and lateral surfaces of
pituitary stalk
RELATIONS OF PITUITARY GLAND
Superiorly:
Diaphragma sellae:
Inferiorly:
1) Body of sphenoid 2) Sphenoidal air sinus
Laterally:
Cavernous sinus and its contents:
1) Internal carotid artery 2) Abducent nerve
Posteriorly:
1) Dorsum sellae 2) Basilar artery 3) Pons
Arterial supply of pituitary gland
Branches of internal carotid artery
1. Superior hypophyseal artery
2. Inferior hypophyseal artery
Veinous drainage of Pituitary gland
Drain into: Intercavernous sinuses
the shape of each lobe of the thyroid gland
pear shaped
anterior level of the lobes of the thyroid gland
from the middle of the thyroid cartilage to 4th or 5th tracheal rings
anterior level of the isthmus of Thyroid G
2-3-4 tracheal rings
posterior level of the thyroid gland
C5,6,7 and T1
the thyroid gland surrounded by capsules?
capsule of pretracheal fascia
capsule of thyroid gland
anterolateral relation of the thyroid G
- Anterior border of sternomastoid muscle
- Sternohyoid muscle
- Sternothyroid muscle
- Superior belly of omohyoid muscle.
Posterolateral relation of Thyroid G
- Carotid sheath
- Common carotid artery
- Internal jugular vein
- Vagus nerve
Medial relation of thyroid G
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Pharynx
- Esophagus
- Cricothyroid muscle
- External laryngeal nerve
- Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Rounded Posterior border of each lobe of thyroid related to?
- Superior parathyroid gland.
- Inferior parathyroid gland.
- Anastomosis between superior and inferior thyroid arteries.
related anteriorly to the isthmus
sternothyroids
sternohyoid
anterior jagular veins
fascia
skin
related posterior to the isthmus
2,3,4 tracheal rings
related to the upper border of the isthmus
Terminal branches of superior thyroid arteries anastomose along its upper border
the pyramidal lobe connected to hyoid by
fibromuscular band called levator glandulae thyroidae
the embryological origin of levator glandulae thyroidae
thyroglossal duct
Blood Supply Of Thyroid Gland
- Superior thyroid artery
- Inferior thyroid artery
- Thyroida ima artery
Superior thyroid artery
Branch of?
Accompanied by?
external carotid artery
external laryngeal nerve
Inferior thyroid artery
Branch of?
Accompanied by?
thyrocervical trunk
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Thyroida ima artery branch of
brachiocephalic artery or arch of aorta
Venous Drainage of thyroid gland: and their termination to?
- Superior thyroid vein:
- Drains into internal jugular vein. - Middle thyroid vein:
- Drains into internal jugular vein. - Inferior thyroid vein:
- Receives tributaries from isthmus and lower poles of the gland.
The 2 inferior thyroid veins:
- Anastomose with each other as they descend in front of trachea
- Drain into left brachiocephalic vein.
Lymph Drainage of thyroid gland
deep cervical lymph nodes
paratracheal nodes
Blood Supply and venous drainage of parathyroid glands
Arterial supply to parathyroid glands is from superior and inferior thyroid arteries.
Venous drainage is into superior, middle, and inferior thyroid
veins.
Lymph Drainage of parathyroid gland
Deep cervical and paratracheal lymph nodes
Nerve Supply of parathyroid gland
*Superior or middle cervical sympathetic ganglia
shape of pancreas
elongated organ (J shaped)
length of pancreas
15 cm
level of pancreas
lies obliquely across the posterior abdominal wall, at the level of
the L1 and L2 vertebral bodies
which regions is the surface anatomy of pancreas
epigastric, left hypochondriac, umbilical region
Anterior to the pancreas
Stomach, lesser sac (omental bursa), transverse mesocolon, superior mesenteric artery (anterior to uncinate and posterior to neck of pancreas)
Posterior to pancrease
IVC, aorta, splenic vein, portal vein, left kidney, left suprarenal gland
Superior to pancreas
splenic artery
lateral to pancreas
spleen
lateral to pancreas
spleen
medial to pancreas
Duodenum
superior mesenteric artery
Posterior to?
Anterior to?
the neck of pancreas
uncinate process
Posterior to the neck of pancreas
the superior mesenteric artery and vein and the origin of the portal vein
how the portal vein is formed
union of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins
the body consists of three surfaces and three borders
anterior, inferior, posterior surfaces
anterior, inferior, superior borders
the level of the body of pancreas
L2
relation of the body of pancreas
- forms the floor of the omental bursa
- anterior to aorta, superior mesenteric vessels, splenic vein, left renal vessels, left kidney, left suprarenal gland
the ligament of the tail of the pancreas
splenorenal ligament (lienorenal lig.)
the other name of the main pancreatic duct
Wirsung duct
the ampulla of Vatar
the union of the main pancreatic duct and the bile duct to form the hepatopancreatic duct
where is the hepatopancreatic duct open
into the descending part of the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla
Flow through the ampulla of Vater is controlled by
(hepatopancreatic) sphincter of Oddi
the accessory pancreatic duct opens into
the minor papilla in the descending part of duodenum
blood supply of the pancreas
- splenic artery
- superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries (branches of the gastroduodenal and superior mesenteric arteries respectively)
origin of superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
gastroduodenal and superior mesenteric artery respectively
venous drainage of pancreas
anterior superior PD to superior mesenteric
posterior superior PD to portal vein
AIPD to SM
PIPD to SM
the drainage of bady and tail to the splenic vein
the uncinate process and head is supplied by
superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal
arteries
Nerve supply
Parasympathetic innervation by vagus nerve
Sympathetic innervation: greater and lesser splanchnic nerves (T5-T12)
Both types of autonomic fibers travel until the celiac ganglion and superior mesenteric plexus, ultimately projecting onto the pancreas
lymph drainage of body and tail of pancreas
pancreaticosplenic lymph nodes
located along the splenic artery
Lymph drainage of head of pancreas
pyloric lymph nodes
lymph is transported to the superior mesenteric or celiac lymph nodes
shape of suprarenal gland
RT: pyramidal
LT: semi-lunar
Size of suprarenal gland
at birth: 1/3 size of the kidney
in adult: 1/30th size of the kidney
relation of right adrenal gland
Anterior: IVC, Right lobe of liver
Posterior: Right crus of diaphragm
relation of left adrenal gland
anterior: stomach, pancreas, spleen
Posterior: left crus of diaphragm
where the arteries, veins, lymphatics, nerves enter through to reach the adrenal gland
Veins and lymphatics leave each gland via the hilum, but
arteries and nerves enter the glands at numerous sites.
the embryological origin of cortex and medulla
- Cortex: derived from the embryonic mesoderm.
- Medulla: derived from the ectodermal neural crest cells.
the cortex of the adrenal gland consists of
- Zona glomerulosa
- Zona fasciculata
- Zona reticularis
secretions of
- Zona glomerulosa
- Zona fasciculata
- Zona reticularis
- aldosterone
- cortisol and small amount of androgen
- secretes androgens as dehydroepiandrosterone
secrete enkephalins?
chromaffin cells of medulla of adrenal gland
Blood supply of adrenal gland and its origin
Superior adrenal artery – arises from the
inferior phrenic artery
Middle adrenal artery – arises from the
abdominal aorta.
Inferior adrenal artery – arises from the
renal arteries.
venous drainage of adrenal gland
right to aorta
left to left renal vein
Lymphatic drainage of adrenal gland
lumbar lymph nodes
Innervation of the adrenal gland
coeliac plexus and greater splanchnic nerves
T10-L1
site of the spleen
in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen inferior to the diaphragm (Left hypochondrium)
Size of the spleen
as clenched fist
3 borders of the spleen
superior, inferior and posteromedial
the inferior and posteromedial has smooth surface and the superior border contain notches
Surfaces of the spleen
Diaphragmatic surface: smooth, in contact with diaphragm and
thoracic cage.
Visceral surface: has impressions, in contact with the other abdominal viscera.
ends of the spleen
anterior broad end and posterior pointed end
Relation of the spleen
Anterior: stomach
Posterior: diaphragm, Left lung, Ribs 9-11
Inferior: left colic flexure
medial: left kidney, tail of pancreas
ligaments of spleen
Gastrosplenic ligament
Splenorenal (lienorenal) ligament
phrenicocolic ligament
Gastrosplenic ligament connection
anterior to the splenic hilum, connects the spleen to the greater
curvature of the stomach
contents of
Gastrosplenic ligament
short gastric vessels and left gastroomental (gastroepiploic) arteries and veins.
splenorenal ligament connection and contents
posterior to the splenic hilum, connects the hilum of
the spleen to the left kidney.
The splenic vessels and tail of the pancreas lie within this ligament
the location of the lesser sac
between the gastrosplenic and splenorenal ligament
phrenicocolic ligament connection
connects the colon to the
diaphragm
origin of the splenic artery
celiac trunk
how many branches of splenic artery when reach spleen
5
Venous drainage of the spleen
the splenic vein unites with the superior mesenteric vein to form the hepatic portal vein
nerve supply of the spleen
celiac plexus
lymphatic drainage of the spleen
pancreaticosplenic lymph nodes
what is the white pulp of spleen
is the main lymphoid tissue of the spleen. It is the accumulation of lymphocytes around an arterial vessel
what is the red pulp
consists of splenic venous sinuses and cords (of Billroth)
development of spleen
develops in the cephalic part of dorsal mesogastrium (from its left layer; during the sixth week of intrauterine life
location of the thymus gland
- superior mediastinum, posterior to the manubrium of the sternum
- it can extend superiorly into the neck (reaching the thyroid gland), and inferiorly into the anterior mediastinum (lying in front of the fibrous pericardium)
function of the thymus gland
In the adolescent, it is involved the development of the immune system as the initial site of T cell immune maturation.
the embryological origin of the thymus
third pharyngeal pouch
Blood supply of the thymus
*The arterial supply: the anterior intercostal arteries and small branches from the internal thoracic arteries.
*The venous drainage: the left brachiocephalic and internal thoracic veins
DiGeorge Syndrome
CATCHis a genetic syndrome caused by the deletion of part of
chromosome 22
Congenital heart defects
Abnormal facies
Thymus aplasia
Cleft palate
Hypoparathyrodism
the name of the ring of tonsils
Waldeyer’s ring
Waldeyer’s ring include?
- Adenoid tonsil (pharyngeal)
- two tubal tonsils
- two palatine tonsils
- Lingual tonsils
the location of the palatine tonsils
These are located between the palatoglossal arch anteriorly and the palatopharyngeal arch posteriorly.
what on the lateral and pharyngeal side of palatine tonsils
- fibrous capsule on the lateral side
- stratified squamous on the pharyngeal side
Blood supply of palatine tonsils
Arterial
1. ascending palatine of facial
2. tonsilar branch of facial
3. ascending pharyngeal of external carotid artery
4. dorsal lingual branch of lingual artery
5. lesser palatine branch of descending palatine artery which is from maxillary artery
Venous
internal jagular vein via the peritonsillar plexus of lingual and pharyngeal veins
location of lingual tonsils
the most posterior part of the tongue base
blood supply of lingual
tonsilar branch of facial artery
Lingual artery
ascending pharyngeal of external carotid artery
the other name of pharyngeal tonsils
Adenoids
location of the phrayngeal tonsils
in the midline in the roof of the nasopharynx
Blood supply of Pharyngeal tonsils
Arterial
1. Ascending palatine of facial
2. tonsilar branch of facial
3. ascending pharyngeal of external carotid
4. pharyngeal branch of maxillary
5. artery to pterygoid canal
Venous drainage is via numerous small veins which pierce the superior constrictor muscle to empty into the pharyngeal plexus
venous drainage of pharyngeal tonsils
pharyngeal plexus
site of tubal tonsils
at the opening of the
Eustachian (auditory) tube
Blood Supply of tubal tonsils
Arterial supply ascending pharyngeal artery.
Venous drainage pharyngeal plexus.
site of the superficial anterior cervical lymph nodes
adjacent to the anterior jagular vein
lymph origin of superficial cervical lymph nodes
the infrahyoid region, isthmus of the thyroid gland, inferior larynx to the deep lateral cervical lymph nodes
site of superficial lateral cervical lymph nodes
superficial lateral cervical lymph nodes
the superficial lateral cervical lymph nodes drain lymph from …… to ……
parotid nodes to supraclavicular nodes
Nodes of levels
- submental & submandibular
- upper jagular
- middle jagular
- lower jagular
- posterior triangle
- anterior and central compartment
- superior mediastinum
site of submental LN
in the triangle boundary formed by
1. Ant belly of digastric muscles
2. hyoid bone
site of submandibular LN
In triangle boundary formed by
1. ant belly of digastric
2. Stylohyoid & Post belly of digastric
3. Body of Mandible
which level of upper jagular LN
Level II
site of level II LN
located around upper third of internal jagular & adjacent spinal accessory nerve
level and location
middle jagular LN
level III
around middle third of internal jagular
level and location
Lower Jagular LN
IV
around the lower third of Internal jagular vein
what is Virchow’s node?
it is a supraclavicular node, located in left supraclavicular fossa. It recieves lymph drainage of the abdominal cavity
enlarged Virchow’s node
Troisier’s sign
what is Troisier’s sign
enlarged of Virchow’s node that indicate the presence of cancer in the abdomen, specifically gastric cancer in the abdomen
which level of Virchow’s node
IV
location of Virchow’s node
left supraclavicular fossa
what level V contain?
Posterior triangle LN
location of the posterior triangle LN
along the lower half of spinal accessory nerve & transverse cervical arterty
what level of VI contain
LN of anterior compartment of neck:
1. pretracheal
2. paratracheal
3. precricoid
4. perithyroid
5. LN along Recurrent Laryngeal Nr
what level VII contain?
superior mediastinal group of LNs
path of the lymph
superficial LN»>deep LN» jagular lymphatic trunk» left thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct»_space; subcalvian vein
location of the platysma muscle
in superficial cervical fascia
attachment of the investing layer of deep fascia
Above: external occipital protuberance, mastoid process, external acoustic meatus, base of mandible
below: spine of scapula, acromion process, clavicle, manubrium of sternum
front: hyoid bone
Posterior: 7th cervical vertebra, ligamentum nuchae
investing layer of deep fascia
encloses?
roof of?
gives 2 lamina?
encloses trapezius and sternomastoid ms
roof of anterior and posterior triangle
gives 2 lamina the pretracheal & prevertebral
the pretracheal fascia encloses?
thyroid gland
trachea
esophagus
infrahyoid ms
attachment of pretracheal fascia
hyoid bone
mediastinum and extensions
- pretracheal fascia
- prevertebral fascia
- retropharyngeal space
- superior mediastinum attached to heart pericardium
- axilla sheath
- posterior mediastinum
what forming the false capsule of the thyroid?
pretracheal fascia
forms the floor of the posterior triangle
prevertebral fascia
extension of the prevertebral fascia
from the skull to the 3rd thoracic vertebra
the carotid sheath is formed of
anterior wall- pretracheal f.
posterior wall - prevertebral f.
relation of the common carotid sheath
anteriorly: ansa cervicalis
posteriorly: sympathetic truck
origin of ansa cervicalis and what supply?
C1-C3
supply three of four infrahyoid bone (sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid)
the retrophrayngeal space between
the prevertebral and buccopharyngeal fascia
relations of the anterior triangle
1]-ANTERIORLY:-midline of the neck.
2]-POSTERIORLY:- ANTERIOR BORDER OF STERNO-MASTOID muscle.
3]-SUPERIORLY (( BASE )):- lower border of mandible
contents of the superficial fascia of anterior triangle
- PLATYSMA muscle.
- CERVICAL BRANCH OF FACIAL NERVE.
- ANTERIOR (TRANSVERSE) CUTANOUSNERVE OF NECK ( C 2,3 ).
- ANTERIOR JUGULAR VEIN.
- EXTERNAL JUGUAR VEIN.
- LYMPH NODES.
Boundaries and contents Of Submental Triangle
Anteriorly (medially): Midline of the neck
Laterally: Anterior belly of digastric muscle
Inferiorly: Body of hyoid bone
Floor: Mylohyoid muscle
Contents of submental triangle:
1. Submental lymph nodes
2. Submental artery
3. Submental vein
2. Beginning of anterior jugular vein
Boundaries and contents of digastric triangle
Anteriorly: Anterior belly of digastric muscle
Laterally:
1. Posterior belly of digastric muscle
2. Stylohyoid muscle
Superiorly: Lower border of body of mandible
Floor:
1. Mylohyoid muscle
2. Hyoglossus muscle
Contents:
1]=GLAND:-
1.Parotid gland.
2.Submandibular gland.
3.L.N.
2]=ARTERIES:-
1.Facial artery.
2.Submental artery.
3.Mylohyoid artery.
3]=VEINS:-
1.Anterior facial vein.
2.Mylohyoid vein.
4]=NERVES:-
1.Hypoglossal nerve.
2.Nerve to mylohyoid
contents of digastric triangle in anterior and posterior part
Anterior part:
1. Submandibular salivary gland
2. Facial artery
3. Facial vein
4. Submandibular lymph nodes
5. Hypoglossal nerve
Posterior part:
1. Vagus nerve (pharyngeal branch)
2. Glossopharyngeal nerve
3. Lower part of the parotid gland
nerve supply of digastric ms
anterior belly: nerve to mylohyoid
origin of nerve of mylohyoid
branch of inferior alveolar nerve of mandibular division of trigeminal nerve
nerve supply of mylohyoid
nerve to mylohyoid (branch of inferior alveolar nerve of mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve)
nerve supply of stylohyoid
facial nerve
facial nerve supply
posterior belly of digastric and stylohyoid ms
nerve to mylohyoid supply
anterior belly of digastric and mylohyoid ms
nerve supply of geniohyoid
First cervical nerve(C1) through hypoglossal nerve
nerve supply of HYOGLOSSUS MUSCLE
Hypoglossal nerve
Boundaries of carotid triangle
Superiorly: Posterior belly of digastric muscle
Inferiorly: Superior belly of omohyoid muscle
Posteriorly: Anterior border of sternomastoid muscle
Floor:
1. Thyrohyoid muscle
2. Hyoglossus muscle
3. Middle constrictor muscle of pharynx
4. Inferior constrictor muscle of pharynx
Contents of carotid triangle
- Carotid sheath
- Common carotid artery
- Internal carotid artery
- External carotid artery
- Some branches of external carotid artery
- Internal jugular vein
- Some tributaries of internal jugular vein
- Hypoglossal nerve
- Descending branch of hypoglossal nerve
(ansa cervicalis). - Internal laryngeal nerve
- External laryngeal nerve
- Accessory nerve
- Vagus nerve
- Deep cervical lymph nodes
branches of external carotid artery in the carotid triangle
facial
lingual
superior thyroid
occipital
فلس
nerve supply of sternothyroid, sternohyoid, superior belly of omohyoid
ansa cervicalis (C1, 2, 3)
nerve supply of thyrohyoid ms
nerve fibers from the anterior rami of the first cervical spinal nerve (C1) reach the muscle via the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) (the nerve to thyrohyoid)
origin of sternomastoid
1]=Clavicular head:-
*Flattened.
*from upper surface of medial 1/3 of clavicle.
2]=Sternal head:-
*Rounded.
*from anterior surface of upper end of manubrium sterni.
insertion of STERNO-CLEIDO-MASTOID MUSCLE
INSERTION:-
1]=Lateral surface of
mastoid process.
2]=Lateral half of
superior nuchal line.
NERVE SUPPLY of sternomastoid
1]=Motor:- spinal accessory.
2]=Proprioceptive:- C 2,3,4.
Boundaries of posterior triangle
1]=Ant.:- posterior border of sternomastoid.
2]=Post.:- anterior border of trapezius.
3]=Apex:- meeting of both ant. & post. boundary
4]=Base :- intermediate 1/3 of clavicle.
muscles of posterior triangle
1]=Semi-spinalis capitis.
2]=Splenius capitis.
3]=Levator scapulae.
4]=Scalenus medius.
CONTENTS of posterior triangle
1-VEINS:
1-External jugular vein [its termination]
2-Subclavian vein.
3-Supra-scapular vein.
4-Transverse cervical vein.
2-Arteries :-
1-Subclavian artery[third part]
2-Supra-scapular artery.
3-Transverse cervical artery.
4-Occipital artery.
3-Nerves:-
1-Accessory nerve [spinal root]
2-Brachial plexus [roots & trunks]
3-Cervical plexus [branches]
4-Muscle :- inferior belly of omohyoid.
5-Lymph nods:-
1-Group at the apex:- occipital L.N.
2-Group at the base:- supra-clavicular L.N.
Origin of the pituitary gland
- An ectodermal out pocketing of stomodeum (primitive oral cavity), immediately in front of the oropharyngeal membrane, known as Rathke’s pouch
- A downward extension of the diencephalon, the infundibulum
What is the median eminence
Upper section of neurohypophysis above the pars
tuberalis
Location of development of thyroid gland
in floor of the pharynx between tuberculum impar and copula at a point later indicated by foramen cecum
Origin of the parafollicular cells of thyroid
Ultimobranchial body of the 4th pharyngeal pouch
Origin of the external auditory meatus
1st cleft
Origin of the cervical sinus
2nd cleft
Origin of the myelohyoid
1st arch
Origin of the anterior belly of digastric
1st arch
Origin of the posterior belly of digastric
2nd arch
Origin of the stylohyoid
2nd arch
Origin of the platysma
2nd arch
Origin of the stylopharyngeus
3rd arch
Origin of the soft palate, pharyngeal, laryngeal ms
4-6th arch
Origin of the eustachian tube
1st pouch
Origin of the middle ear cavity
1st pouch
Origin of the inferior parathyroid gland
3rd pouch
Origin of the thymus
3rd pouch
Origin of the superior parathyroid gland
4th pouch
Obliteration of cervical sinus by
4th pouch
Origin of the 10 9 7 5 nerves
4-6/3/2/1
Supply the general sensation of anterior 2/3 of tongue
Trigeminal
Origin of the cricothyroid ms
4th arch
Supply the taste sensation of anterior 2/3 of tongue
Facial
Supply the cricothyroid ms
External laryngeal nerve of the superior laryngeal
Supply the general and taste sensation of Posterior 1/3 of tongue
Glossopharyngeal
Origin of the lining of palatine tonsils
2nd pouch
problem in rotation ofthe ventral part of pancreas
annular pancreas
are the most common type of branchial cleft anomaly
second branchial cleft anomalies
separates ant lobe of pituitary from the optic chiasma
diaphragma sella
superior thyroid artery comes from?
External carortid artery
the inferior thyroid artery comes from?
thyrocervical trunk from the subclavian from the brachiocephalic
location of the two superior parathyroid gland
At middle of post. border of thyroid gland
Location of the inferior parathyroid gland
Close to inferior poles of thyroid gland
level of pancreas
L1&L2 vertebral bodies
Floor of the carotid triangle
- Thyrohyoid muscle
- Hyoglossus muscle
- Middle constrictor muscle of pharynx
- Inferior constrictor muscle of pharynx
Splenic artery runs in which ligament
Splenorenal ligament
How many branches does the splenic artery gives
Five branches
Posterior relation of the the spleen
Diaphragm
Left lung
Ribs 9-11
Location of level VI
Anterior compartment
Superiorly: Hyoid bone
Inferiorly: Suprasternal Notch
Laterally: medial border of carotid sheath
Extent of superior mediastinal LN
Superiorly: superior edge of manubrium
Inferiorly: superior edge of arch of aorta
