Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Orthopaedics > Biochemical Disorders of Bone > Flashcards

Biochemical Disorders of Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Reduced bone mineral density, increased porosity

quantitative defect - bone of normal quality, just not enough of it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the definition of osteopenia?

A

1 - 2.5 SD below mean peak bone mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the definition of osteoporosis?

A

> 2.5 SD below mean peak bone mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How is osteoporosis diagnosed?

A

DEXA scan –> bone mineral density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What would calcium and phosphate values be in osteoporosis?

A

Normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some risk factors for primary osteoporosis?

A 
Early menopause
Smoking
Alcohol
Lack of exercise
Poor diet
Reduced vitamin D exposure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are some causes of secondary osteoporosis?

A 
Corticosteroids
Alcohol abuse
Malnutrition
CKD
Malignancy
RA
Cushing's
Hyperthyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the aim of management in osteoporosis?

A

Cannot reverse damage

Aim is to slow progression and decrease risk of fracture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the treatment for osteoporosis?

A

Calcium + vitamin D supplements if low intake
Bisphosphonates e.g. alendronate
Others: desunomab, strontium
HRT not considered first line but can be used if SEs to other drugs occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is osteomalacia?

A

Qualitative defect - abnormal softening of bone due to inadequate calcium + phosphorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Rickets?

A

Osteomalacia in children –> effects growing skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are some of the causes of osteomalacia/rickets?

A

Malnutrition/malabsorption
Lack of sunlight (vitamin D stimulates calcium absorption)
Low phosphate: re-feeding, alcohol abuse, malabsorption, renal tubular acidosis
Long term anticonvulsant
CKD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the clinical features in osteomalacia/rickets?

A

Bone pain
Deformities due to soft bones (rickets)
Symptoms of hypocalcaemia
Pseudofractures on xray

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the symptoms that may be seen with hypocalcaemia?

A 
Paraesthesia
Muscle cramps
Irritability
Fatigue
Seizures
Brittle nails
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Give some examples of deformities seen in Rickets

A

Bowed legs
Square head
Pigeon chest
Rickety rosary - nodules at costochondral junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the biochemical markers in osteomalacia

A

Low calcium + phosphate

High ALP

17
Q

What is the management for osteomalacia/rickets?

A

Vitamin D therapy +

calcium + phosphate replacement

18
Q

What effect does hyperparathyroidism have off bones?

A

Hypercalcaemia

Osteoporosis, Brown tumours + osteitis fibroma cystica

19
Q

What are brown tumours + osteitis fibroma cystica?

A

Lytic bone lesions - mass of reactive tissue

Can become cystic –> osteitis fibroma cystica (rare late stage)

20
Q

What are the biochemical features of hyperparathyroidism bone disease?

A

High PTH
High calcium
Low/normal phosphate

21
Q

What is Paget’s disease?

A

Abnormality of bone turnover –> thickened, brittle, mis-shaped bones

22
Q

What are the clinical features of Paget’s disease?

A

Arthritis
Deformity
Pathological fractures
Bone pain
Conductive deafness due to involvement of ear ossicles
Increased blood flow through bone –> high output cardiac failure

23
Q

What would biochemical markers show in Paget’s disease?

A

High ALP

Normal calcium + phosphate

24
Q

What would be seen on xray in Paget’s disease?

A

Enlarged bones
Thickened cortices
Course thickened trabeculae
Mixed areas of lysis and sclerosis

25
Q

What is the treatment for Paget’s disease?

A

Bisphosphonates

Calcitonin if extensive lytic disease

26
Q

What is renal osteodystrophy?

A

Bone changes due to CKD:

- osteomalacia, sclerosis of bone + calcification of soft tissue

27
Q

What are the side effects of bisphosphonates?

A

Oesophagitis
Gastritis
Osteonecrosis of jaw
Fever, myalgia + arthralgia

Orthopaedics (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions