BIOCHEM RANDOM Flashcards
What are the two types of Nucleic Acids
RNA
DNA
RNA stands for
Ribonucleic Acid
DNA stands for
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
The Nucleic Acid that stores genetic information
DNA
The Nucleic acid responsible for using the genetic information encoded in DNA to produce the thousands of proteins found in living organisms
RNA
Contains the entire DNA Genome over 3 feet total length
Nucleus
Large complex molecules composed of C(carbon), O(Oxygen ) ,H(Hydrogen), N(Nitrogen) and P(Phosphorus)
Nucleic Acid
Nucleic Acid are made up of monomers called
Nucleotides
3 components of Nucleotides
Phosphate
5 carbon Sugar
Nitrogenous Base
Are responsible for storing genetic information and protein synthesis
Nucleic Acid
A Nitrogenous Base are
Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine
Uracil
Are linked together by Dehydration Synthesis or Polymerization reactions between the sugar of one nucleotide and the Phosphate group of a second nucleotide
When linked, Sugar Phosphate Backbone is formed
Nucleotides
DNA was first recognized and identified by the
Swiss biologist, Johannes Friedrich Miescher in 1869
Composed of 2 strands arranged as a right handed helix in opposite directions, contains sugar deoxyribose
DNA
Single strand not helix- less than stable than DNA, contains sugar Ribose, Regulates information for protein synthesis
RNA
It is a right-handed double helix similar to the B-DNA form, Dehydrated DNA takes an A form that protects the DNA during extreme condition such as desiccation, protein binding also removes the solvent from DNA and the DNA takes an A form
A-DNA
Most common DNA conformation and is right-handed helix, Majority of DNA has B type conformation under normal physiological conditions
B-DNA
A left-handed DNA Where the double helix winds to the left in a zig-zag pattern. It was discovered by Andres Wang and Alexander Rich. Found ahead of the start site of a gene and hence is believed to play some role in the gene regulation
Z-DNA
The double helix structure of a DNA molecule was later discovered through the experimental data by
James Watson
Francis Crick
DNA that constitutes the total genetic information content of an organism, the segment of the genome that can be translated is called GENE
GENOME
DNA segments that do not convey code for genetic information
INTRONS
DNA segments that convey genetic information
EXONS
3 forms of RNA
Messenger RNA (m-RNA)
Ribosomal RNA (r-RNA)
transfer RNA (t-RNA)
Made in the nucleus of the cell as a component to a DNA strand; Serves as cytoplasmic messenger of genes and carrier of genetic information for protein synthesis
Messenger RNA (m-RNA)
Comprise 70-80% of the total cell RNA (most abundant) ; bind the m-RNA and a specific enzyme for protein synthesis; used as a structural component of the ribosome
Ribosomal RNA (r-RNA)
10-15% of the total RNA content of the cell (second most abundant); Carry specific amino acids to the ribosomes and decodes the genetic information in mRNA in terms of proper amino acid sequence
Transfer RNA (t-RNA)
Nitrigenous base + sugar
NUCLEOSIDES
Are derivatives of purines and purimidines that have a sugar linked to a ring nitrogen of a purine or pyrimidine; formed between C1 of the sugar and N1 of pyrimidine base or N9 of purine base; water is eliminated in the process
NUCLEOSIDES
Functional Sub-units of Nucleic Acid
NUCLEOTIDES
A series of theories of the transmission of hereditary information and protein synthesis
The Central Dogma
The process by which the genetic code- the nucleotide sequence- of a gene is used to direct protein synthesis and produce the structures of the cell.
GENE EXPRESSION
A copying process by which DNA is applied to the new cells formed bu cell division; This genetic information is transferred to mRNA through Transcription
Replication DNA to DNA
This process involves transfer of genetic information from a DNA strand thru Base pairing to form complementary ribonucleotides, an RNA chain.
Transcription DNA to RNA
This information is translated from nitrogenous base sequence to an amino acid sequence by tRNA as presented to it by the ribosome forming proteins RNA to PROTEIN
Translation RNA to PROTEINS
3 Reactions
REPLICATION- parent DNA to daughter DNA
TRANSCRIPTION- DNA to messenger RNA
TRANSLATION- mRNA to CHON’s (reading if from 5’ to 3’)
Only 1 strand will undergo transcription
SEME- CONSERVATIVE REPLICATION
The synthesis of a complementary strand of RNA from a DNA template which takes place inside the nucleus
TRANSCRIPTION
3 steps of Transcription
INITIATION
ELONGATION
TERMINATION
The beginning of transcription . Occurs when the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter.
INITIATION
The addition of nucleotides to the mRNA strand. RNA polymerase reads the unwound DNA strand and builds the mRNA molecule, using complementary base pairs.
ELONGATION
Ending of transcription. Occurs when RNA polymerase crosses a stop (termination) sequence in the gene. The mRNA strand is complete, and it detaches from DNA
TERMINATION
Any chemical or physical change that alters the sequence of bases in DNA molecule. Any alternation in the protein as a result of a change in all cell structure, because when the genetic info in the DNA is altered, the message transcribed into RNA will also be altered
MUTATION
Substances that causes mutation either physical or chemical form
MUTAGENS
Types of Mutations
SILENT MUTATION
MISSENSE MUTATION
NONSENSE MUTATION
FRAMESHIFT MUTATION
Set of rules which give a relationship between the nitrogenous bases and the amino acids in polypeptide chain.
GENETIC CODE
Genes that may replace one another at the same locus, responsible for alternate or contrasting characters
ALLELES
When both alleles carry the same defect
HOMOZYGOUS
When one alleles is normal, and the counterpart is defective
HETEROZYGOUS
The observed character expressed by the gene
PHENOTYPE
Represent the set of pattern of genes present in the cell
GENOTYPE
Only one copy of a disease allele is necessary for an individual to be susceptible to expressing the phenotype
AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT INHERITANCE
An autosomal recessive inheritance, two copies of a disease allele are required for an individual to be susceptible to expressing the phenotype
AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE INHERITANCE
In the autosomal conditions, the disease occurs both sexes with equal frequency. But in sex-linked conditions, X-chromosomes carriers the abnormal gene
SEX-LINKED (X-LINKED) RECESSIVE INHERITANCE
A chromosomal condition that alters development in females. Women in this condition tend to be shorter than average and are usually unable to conceive a child (infertile) because of an absence of ovarian function
TUNER SYNDROME
Also known as XXY condition, is a term used to describe males who have an extra X chromosome in most of their cells
KLINEFELTER SYNDROME
A genetic disorder and the most common autosomal chromosomes abnormality in humans, where extra genetic material from chromosome 21 is transferred to a newly formed embryo
DOWN SYNDROME/ TRISOMY 21
A rare genetic disorder in which a variable portion of the short arm of chromosome 5 is missing or deleted (monosomic)
CRI DU CHAT SYNDROME (CdCS or 5p-)
Process of genetic information flow DNA to RNA to proteins is called
CENTRAL DOGMA
Important enzymes in Central Dogma
DNA GYRASE
DNA LIGASE
DNA POLYMERASE
HELICASE
PRIMASE
RNA POLYMERASE
Copies RNA from a DNA template
RNA POLYMERASE
An RNA polymerase that makes RNA primers from a DNA template
PRIMASE
Unwinds double stranded DNA
HELICASE
Synthesis DNA; proofread and facilities repair of DNA
DNA POLYMERASE
Makes covalent bonds in join DNA strand; Okazaki framgments and new segments in axcision repair
DNA LIGASE
Relaxes supercoiling ahead of the replication fork
DNA GYRASE
Are short sequence of DNA that are produced by the discontinous replication of the lagging strand
OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS
Are short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on tha lagging template strand during DNA replication
OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS
