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ANAPHY > BIOCHEM RANDOM > Flashcards

BIOCHEM RANDOM Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of Nucleic Acids

A

RNA
DNA

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2
Q

RNA stands for

A

Ribonucleic Acid

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3
Q

DNA stands for

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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4
Q

The Nucleic Acid that stores genetic information

A

DNA

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5
Q

The Nucleic acid responsible for using the genetic information encoded in DNA to produce the thousands of proteins found in living organisms

A

RNA

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6
Q

Contains the entire DNA Genome over 3 feet total length

A

Nucleus

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7
Q

Large complex molecules composed of C(carbon), O(Oxygen ) ,H(Hydrogen), N(Nitrogen) and P(Phosphorus)

A

Nucleic Acid

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8
Q

Nucleic Acid are made up of monomers called

A

Nucleotides

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9
Q

3 components of Nucleotides

A

Phosphate
5 carbon Sugar
Nitrogenous Base

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10
Q

Are responsible for storing genetic information and protein synthesis

A

Nucleic Acid

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11
Q

A Nitrogenous Base are

A

Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine
Uracil

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12
Q

Are linked together by Dehydration Synthesis or Polymerization reactions between the sugar of one nucleotide and the Phosphate group of a second nucleotide

When linked, Sugar Phosphate Backbone is formed

A

Nucleotides

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13
Q

DNA was first recognized and identified by the

A

Swiss biologist, Johannes Friedrich Miescher in 1869

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14
Q

Composed of 2 strands arranged as a right handed helix in opposite directions, contains sugar deoxyribose

A

DNA

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15
Q

Single strand not helix- less than stable than DNA, contains sugar Ribose, Regulates information for protein synthesis

A

RNA

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16
Q

It is a right-handed double helix similar to the B-DNA form, Dehydrated DNA takes an A form that protects the DNA during extreme condition such as desiccation, protein binding also removes the solvent from DNA and the DNA takes an A form

A

A-DNA

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17
Q

Most common DNA conformation and is right-handed helix, Majority of DNA has B type conformation under normal physiological conditions

A

B-DNA

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18
Q

A left-handed DNA Where the double helix winds to the left in a zig-zag pattern. It was discovered by Andres Wang and Alexander Rich. Found ahead of the start site of a gene and hence is believed to play some role in the gene regulation

A

Z-DNA

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19
Q

The double helix structure of a DNA molecule was later discovered through the experimental data by

A

James Watson
Francis Crick

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20
Q

DNA that constitutes the total genetic information content of an organism, the segment of the genome that can be translated is called GENE

A

GENOME

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21
Q

DNA segments that do not convey code for genetic information

A

INTRONS

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22
Q

DNA segments that convey genetic information

A

EXONS

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23
Q

3 forms of RNA

A

Messenger RNA (m-RNA)
Ribosomal RNA (r-RNA)
transfer RNA (t-RNA)

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24
Q

Made in the nucleus of the cell as a component to a DNA strand; Serves as cytoplasmic messenger of genes and carrier of genetic information for protein synthesis

A

Messenger RNA (m-RNA)

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25
Q

Comprise 70-80% of the total cell RNA (most abundant) ; bind the m-RNA and a specific enzyme for protein synthesis; used as a structural component of the ribosome

A

Ribosomal RNA (r-RNA)

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26
Q

10-15% of the total RNA content of the cell (second most abundant); Carry specific amino acids to the ribosomes and decodes the genetic information in mRNA in terms of proper amino acid sequence

A

Transfer RNA (t-RNA)

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27
Q

Nitrigenous base + sugar

A

NUCLEOSIDES

28
Q

Are derivatives of purines and purimidines that have a sugar linked to a ring nitrogen of a purine or pyrimidine; formed between C1 of the sugar and N1 of pyrimidine base or N9 of purine base; water is eliminated in the process

A

NUCLEOSIDES

29
Q

Functional Sub-units of Nucleic Acid

A

NUCLEOTIDES

30
Q

A series of theories of the transmission of hereditary information and protein synthesis

A

The Central Dogma

31
Q

The process by which the genetic code- the nucleotide sequence- of a gene is used to direct protein synthesis and produce the structures of the cell.

A

GENE EXPRESSION

32
Q

A copying process by which DNA is applied to the new cells formed bu cell division; This genetic information is transferred to mRNA through Transcription

A

Replication DNA to DNA

33
Q

This process involves transfer of genetic information from a DNA strand thru Base pairing to form complementary ribonucleotides, an RNA chain.

A

Transcription DNA to RNA

34
Q

This information is translated from nitrogenous base sequence to an amino acid sequence by tRNA as presented to it by the ribosome forming proteins RNA to PROTEIN

A

Translation RNA to PROTEINS

35
Q

3 Reactions

A

REPLICATION- parent DNA to daughter DNA
TRANSCRIPTION- DNA to messenger RNA
TRANSLATION- mRNA to CHON’s (reading if from 5’ to 3’)

36
Q

Only 1 strand will undergo transcription

A

SEME- CONSERVATIVE REPLICATION

37
Q

The synthesis of a complementary strand of RNA from a DNA template which takes place inside the nucleus

A

TRANSCRIPTION

38
Q

3 steps of Transcription

A

INITIATION
ELONGATION
TERMINATION

39
Q

The beginning of transcription . Occurs when the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter.

A

INITIATION

40
Q

The addition of nucleotides to the mRNA strand. RNA polymerase reads the unwound DNA strand and builds the mRNA molecule, using complementary base pairs.

A

ELONGATION

41
Q

Ending of transcription. Occurs when RNA polymerase crosses a stop (termination) sequence in the gene. The mRNA strand is complete, and it detaches from DNA

A

TERMINATION

42
Q

Any chemical or physical change that alters the sequence of bases in DNA molecule. Any alternation in the protein as a result of a change in all cell structure, because when the genetic info in the DNA is altered, the message transcribed into RNA will also be altered

A

MUTATION

43
Q

Substances that causes mutation either physical or chemical form

A

MUTAGENS

44
Q

Types of Mutations

A

SILENT MUTATION
MISSENSE MUTATION
NONSENSE MUTATION
FRAMESHIFT MUTATION

45
Q

Set of rules which give a relationship between the nitrogenous bases and the amino acids in polypeptide chain.

A

GENETIC CODE

46
Q

Genes that may replace one another at the same locus, responsible for alternate or contrasting characters

A

ALLELES

47
Q

When both alleles carry the same defect

A

HOMOZYGOUS

48
Q

When one alleles is normal, and the counterpart is defective

A

HETEROZYGOUS

49
Q

The observed character expressed by the gene

A

PHENOTYPE

50
Q

Represent the set of pattern of genes present in the cell

A

GENOTYPE

51
Q

Only one copy of a disease allele is necessary for an individual to be susceptible to expressing the phenotype

A

AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT INHERITANCE

52
Q

An autosomal recessive inheritance, two copies of a disease allele are required for an individual to be susceptible to expressing the phenotype

A

AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE INHERITANCE

53
Q

In the autosomal conditions, the disease occurs both sexes with equal frequency. But in sex-linked conditions, X-chromosomes carriers the abnormal gene

A

SEX-LINKED (X-LINKED) RECESSIVE INHERITANCE

54
Q

A chromosomal condition that alters development in females. Women in this condition tend to be shorter than average and are usually unable to conceive a child (infertile) because of an absence of ovarian function

A

TUNER SYNDROME

55
Q

Also known as XXY condition, is a term used to describe males who have an extra X chromosome in most of their cells

A

KLINEFELTER SYNDROME

56
Q

A genetic disorder and the most common autosomal chromosomes abnormality in humans, where extra genetic material from chromosome 21 is transferred to a newly formed embryo

A

DOWN SYNDROME/ TRISOMY 21

57
Q

A rare genetic disorder in which a variable portion of the short arm of chromosome 5 is missing or deleted (monosomic)

A

CRI DU CHAT SYNDROME (CdCS or 5p-)

58
Q

Process of genetic information flow DNA to RNA to proteins is called

A

CENTRAL DOGMA

59
Q

Important enzymes in Central Dogma

A

DNA GYRASE
DNA LIGASE
DNA POLYMERASE
HELICASE
PRIMASE
RNA POLYMERASE

60
Q

Copies RNA from a DNA template

A

RNA POLYMERASE

61
Q

An RNA polymerase that makes RNA primers from a DNA template

A

PRIMASE

62
Q

Unwinds double stranded DNA

A

HELICASE

63
Q

Synthesis DNA; proofread and facilities repair of DNA

A

DNA POLYMERASE

64
Q

Makes covalent bonds in join DNA strand; Okazaki framgments and new segments in axcision repair

A

DNA LIGASE

65
Q

Relaxes supercoiling ahead of the replication fork

A

DNA GYRASE

66
Q

Are short sequence of DNA that are produced by the discontinous replication of the lagging strand

A

OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS

67
Q

Are short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on tha lagging template strand during DNA replication

A

OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS

ANAPHY (4 decks)

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