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Basic Life Sciences > Biochem Qs bank > Flashcards

Biochem Qs bank Flashcards

1
Q

which amino acid is important in the buffering action of proteins at physiological pH values?

A

histidine

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2
Q

Which of the following is a ketogenic amino acid?

A

lysine

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3
Q

a protein domain is defined as:

A

an independent folded structure within a polypeptide with an independent function

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4
Q

in competitive enzyme inhibition, Km:

A

always goes up

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5
Q

a prosthetic group is defined as:

A

non-protein component bound to a protein for its activity

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6
Q

sugar acids are monosaccharides that have:

A

a hydroxyl group oxidised to a carbonyl group

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7
Q

which of these statements are false?

A

facilitated diffusion requires GTP

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8
Q

pyruvate dehydrogenase is made up of which three enzymes?

A

pyruvate decarboxylase (PD), dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (DD), and lipoamide reductase transacetylase (LRT)

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9
Q

if delta G for a reaction is positive, the reaction is said to be?

A

endothermic

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10
Q

conversion of phosphoenol pyruvate into pyruvate is the last reaction of glycolysis. This reaction is catalysed by:

A

pyruvate kinase

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11
Q

an example of peripheral membrane protein is:

A

spectrin

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12
Q

specialised membrane transport proteins, termed channel proteins:

A

all of the above

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13
Q

which is a ketogenic amino acid?

A

lysine

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14
Q

what does the charge relay system consist of?

A

serine, histidine, and aspartate

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15
Q

how do you work out pH/?

A

pH=-log10(H+)

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16
Q

which of these enzymes are inhibited by NADH and ATP in the TCA cycle?

A

alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase

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17
Q

two sources of glucose in the body

A

diet and liver

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18
Q

ribosomes are…

A

protein factories

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19
Q

what is the major buffer in saliva?

A

carbonic acid

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20
Q

which amino acid does not have an asymmetric carbon atom?

A

glycine

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21
Q

which amino acid causes a bend in the peptide chain?

A

proline

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22
Q

what is the optically inactive amino acid?

A

glycine

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23
Q

what happens to enzymes after a reaction

A

unaltered

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24
Q

the organelle in which complex carbohydrates such as GAGs are synthesised in?

A

golgi apparatus

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25
Q

what is a zymogen?

A

inactive enzyme

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26
Q

XXX reduces the enzyme effect but inhibition is 95% reversed when the substrate is increased by 1000 fold. What inhibition is this?

A

competitive inhibition

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27
Q

what does competitive inhibition do to the Km?

A

increases it

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28
Q

what is an example of oxidative deamination

A

glutamate to alpha ketoglutarate and ammonia

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29
Q

where is pyruvate converted to oxaloacetate?

A

mitochondria

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30
Q

which of the following about protein domains is true:

A

independent subunits with independent function

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31
Q

which of these amino acids do not have D dextrarotatory right-handed optical isomerism?

A

glycine

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32
Q

an enzyme with a high Km has a…

A

low affinity

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33
Q

PDC catalyses the conversion of pyruvate into?

A

acetyl CoA

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34
Q

what is the linkage for branching in glycogen?

A

alpha 2–>6

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35
Q

if delta G is close to 0 what affects the reaction?

A

concentration

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36
Q

which one is not one of the four biologically important organic molecules?

A

fats

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37
Q

which is a system involved in homeostasis?

A

endocrine system

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38
Q

porins can be found in:

A

gram negative cell wall

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39
Q

the carbonic acid concentration in the mouth is approximately

A

1.3mMol/L

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40
Q

what is an alpha carbon?

A

carbon to which the amino acid carboxylic groups are attached

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41
Q

the majority of amino acids in the body are

A

L

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42
Q

the pK value for carboxylic acid is

A

2.2

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43
Q

the pK value for amino group is

A

9.4

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44
Q

which is not an example of an aliphatic amino acid?

A

lysine

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45
Q

example of an aromatic amino acid includes

A

phenylalanine

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46
Q

which amino acid has a weakly acidic hydroxyl group?

A

tyrosine

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47
Q

example of an imino acid includes

A

proline

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48
Q

amino acids carry a

A

negative charge

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49
Q

which amino acid is not involved in the addition of sugars?

A

tyrosine

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50
Q

secondary structure of proteins involves

A

hydrogen bonds

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51
Q

tertiary structure of proteins involves

A

non-covalent interactions

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52
Q

disulphide bonds can be formed by

A

cysteine

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53
Q

protein domains are formed in

A

tertiary structure

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54
Q

keratin is a

A

fibrous protein

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55
Q

collagen is a

A

fibrous protein

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56
Q

high Km values show

A

weak bonds

57
Q

reversible inhibition involves

A

non-covalent interactions

58
Q

irreversible inhibition involves

A

covalent interactions

59
Q

which is not a glucogenic amino acid?

A

leucine

60
Q

insulin secretion is stimulatd by

A

parasympathetic

61
Q

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex converts pyruvate to:

A

CO2, NADH, and acetyl CoA

62
Q

in gluconeogenesis, pyruvate is converted to oxaloacetate in which cellular compartment?

A

mitochondria

63
Q

how many ATP molecules are used in one turn of the urea cycle?

A

3

64
Q

metaphase is when:

A

centrometres of chromatids line up at the midline of the cell

65
Q

which of the following is a purine nucleoside?

A

guanosine

66
Q

which of the following is true?

A

nucleolus is enclosed within a membrane structure inside the nucleus

67
Q

oxidative deamination involves:

A

conversion of glutamate into alpha-ketoglutarate and ammonia

68
Q

which of the following is false?

A

in a DNA double helix molecule, the sugar-phosphate backbones are responsible for holding the two strands together

69
Q

which one of these is a purine?

A

adenine

70
Q

which is not required in translation?

A

RNA primer

71
Q

Regarding nucleotides, which of the following is true?

A

they contain a base sugar and phosphate

72
Q

what happens in interphase?

A

prepare for mitosis

73
Q

which of the following is false?

A

siRNA is single stranded

74
Q

what occurs in anaphase?

A

identical chromosomes separate to poles

75
Q

what is the tRNA nucleotide sequence that specifies the AA methionine that initiates the translation sequence?

A

UAC

76
Q

in anaerobic conditions, what happens to pyruvate?

A

reduced to lactate

77
Q

which enzyme converts PEP to pyruvate

A

pyruvate kinase

78
Q

how many molecules of NADH are produced in glycolysis and the TCA cycle per glucose molecule?

A

glycolysis=2

TCA cycle=6

79
Q

what amino acids are involved in the charge relay system in chymotrypsin?

A

Serine, Histidine, and Aspartate

80
Q

How does lymph leave the lymph nodes?

A

Efferent lymph nodes

81
Q

What does Km measure?

A

The strength of attraction between an enzyme and a substrate

82
Q

What activates PFK-1?

A

Fructose-2 bisphosphate and AMP

83
Q

What are the two sources of glucose for the body?

A

Diet and liver

84
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A

Reduce blood serum levels of Ca2+ and phosphate by increasing excretion of the ions and preventing bone resorption

85
Q

What are phase 2 reactions?

A

Conjugation

86
Q

What happens in interphase?

A

Prepare for mitosis

87
Q

What is metaphase

A

When the centromeres line up at the equator

88
Q

Name a purine nucleoside

A

Guanosine

89
Q

Which of these isn’t a nucleoside in mRNA?

A

Thymidine

90
Q

Which one is false?

A

Phosphate backbone holds DNA strands together

91
Q

Chymotrypsinogen is made up of

A

245 Aas

92
Q

The number of disulphide bonds in chymotrypsinogen is

A

5

93
Q

glucokinase is found in

A

liver

94
Q

which enzyme is involved in phosphorylation of glucose?

A

Hexokinase

95
Q

Malonate is a competitive inhibitor that inhibits

A

Succinate dehydrogenase

96
Q

Alanine is a non-competitive inhibitor of

A

Pyruvate kinase

97
Q

N-acetyl sugars are made up of

A

8C

98
Q

Anomers are

A

stereoisomers that have different orientation of hydroxyl at carbon 1

99
Q

heparin is used as a

A

anti-coagulant

100
Q

maltose is a

A

disaccharide

101
Q

glycogen branches every

A

10 residues

102
Q

starch branches every

A

24 residues

103
Q

simplest GAG is

A

HA

104
Q

which glycosaminoglycan is used for the treatment of osteoarthritis?

A

Chondroitin sulphate

105
Q

Which glycosaminoglycan is used as an anti-coagulant?

A

Heparin

106
Q

What is esterification?

A

Triacylglycerol synthesis

107
Q

Fatty acids get converted into acetyl CoA by

A

Beta oxidation

108
Q

what causes the release of lactate?

A

skeletal muscle

109
Q

the cori cycle works between

A

liver and skeletal muscle

110
Q

GLUT4 is present on

A

skeletal muscle and adipose tissue

111
Q

coupled reactions usually involve

A

hydrolysis of ATP

112
Q

GLUT3 is present on

A

plasma membrane

113
Q

GLUT2 is present on

A

liver and pancreatic beta cells

114
Q

where does glucokinase work?

A

liver

115
Q

which is the rate limiting factor of glycolysis?

A

PFK

116
Q

Rate limiting step for glycogen synthesis is

A

glycogen synthase

117
Q

glucose 6-phosphatase is predominantly found in

A

liver

118
Q

where is pyruvate carboxylase found?

A

mitochondria

119
Q

where is glucose 6-phosphatase found?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

120
Q

pyruvate kinase can be split into

A

PEP carboxykinase and pyruvate carboxylase

121
Q

The limiting factor for krebs cycle is

A

oxaloacetate

122
Q

pyruvate is converted into lactate by

A

lactate dehydrogenase

123
Q

pyruvate is converted into PEP by

A

PEPCK, PC, and MDH

124
Q

which reaction is known as Claisen condensation?

A

Citrate synthase

125
Q

which reaction involves the addition of water molecule to double bond?

A

fumarase

126
Q

which is an enzyme for transamination reaction?

A

amino carboxylase

127
Q

phenylalanine hydroxylase catalyses

A

phenylalanine to tyrosine

128
Q

the role of helicase is to

A

separate the fragments

129
Q

the role of DNA polymerase I and RNAse H is to

A

replace RNA primers with DNA

130
Q

the role of RNA primase is to

A

synthesise small portions of RNA primer required for initiation

131
Q

in which direction does DNA synthesis take place

A

5’ to 3’

132
Q

what is glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen in the liver

133
Q

what is gluconeogenesis?

A

production of glucose from amino acids

134
Q

which is a factor involved in gestational diabetes

A

lactogen placenta

135
Q

secondary diabetes mellitus does not arise from

A

meningitis

136
Q

which is the main function of calcium?

A

bone and tooth formation

137
Q

which is the main protein that calcium is bound to?

A

albumin

138
Q

what does parafollicular cells secrete?

A

calcitonin

Basic Life Sciences (6 decks)

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