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MODULE 3 & 4 (var) > Biochem module 3 > Flashcards

Biochem module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Rate limiting enzyme of lipogenesis

A

Acetyl coA carboxylase

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2
Q

Substrate of fatty acid synthesis

A

Acetyl coA

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3
Q

How many carbon is there in Lauric acid

A 
12 
Mnemonic LaMPSA 
Lauric 12
Myristic 14
Palmitate 16
Stearic 18
Arachidic 20
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6
Q

Main source of NADPH

A

PPP

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7
Q

Where does lipogenesis occur

A

Cytosol

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8
Q

Increase in acyl CoA would lead to
A. Inc lipogenesis
B. dec lipogenesis

A

B. kc inhibited un acetyl CoA carboxylase, tricarboxylate transporter and PDH

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9
Q

Where can acetyl CoA be made

A

Mitochondria

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10
Q

water soluble equivalents of fatty acids

A

Ketone bodies

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11
Q

Where does lipolysis occur

A

Mitochondria

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12
Q

Product of Lipogenesis

A

Free palmitate

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13
Q

How many ATP is produced in PPP

A

None

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14
Q

True or false. Lipogenesis and lipolysis involves simple reversal of reactions

A

False

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15
Q

Fasting
A. Increases lipogenesis
B. decreases lipogenesis

A

B

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16
Q

List all enzymes used in fatty acid synthesis

A

Acetyl coA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase

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18
Q

Acyl coA dehydrogenase needs what co factor

A

FAD

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19
Q

Write the chemical equation for beta oxidation stearic acid

A

Substrate. Stearic acid + 8 FAD + 8 NAD + 8 H2O

Product. 9 acetyl coA+ 8 NADPH + 8 FADH 2

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20
Q

What toxin characterizes Jamaican vomiting sickness

A

Hypoglycin

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23
Q 
Cardohydrate in cardiac tissue 
A. ribose
B. lyxose
C. Arabinose
D. Neuraminic acid
A

B

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26
Q

Where does oxidation of fatty acids occur

A

Mitochondria

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27
Q

Enzyme that converts FA to its activated form

A

Acyl coA synthetase

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28
Q

Main organ for excreting acetone

A

Oxidation in the Lungs,

Acetoacetate and beta hydroxybutyrate - extra hepatic tissue

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29
Q

Transketolases require what cofactor

A

Thiamine

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30
Q

Main building block of fatty acid

A

Acetyl coA

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33
Q

Total energy yield of beta oxidation Lauric acid

A 
5 NADPH = 12.5 
5 FADH2 = 7.5
6 acetyl coA = 60 
Minus investment 2 
Net ATP = 78
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34
Q

Where does PPP occur

A

Cytosol

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36
Q

Malate can be made into pyruvate by what enzyme

A

Malic enzyme, this can also be a source of NADPH

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37
Q 
Glucose + glucose 
A. Maltose
B. lactose
C. Sucrose
D. Starch
A

A. Glycosidic bond in alpha 1,4

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39
Q

Epinephrine
A. Increases lipolysis
B. decreases lipolysis

A

A

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40
Q

Occurs when there is a high rate of fatty acid oxidation in the liver

A

Ketogenesis

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41
Q 
Carbohydrate in nucleic acid 
A. ribose
B. lyxose
C. Arabinose
D. Neuraminic acid
A

A

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42
Q 
Biotin in lipogenesis functions as 
A. Prosthetic group
B. co factor 
C. Co enzyme 
D. Proenzyme
A

A

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43
Q

Products of ketogenesis

A

Acetoacetic acid
Hydroxybutyric acid
Acetone

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44
Q

True or false, liver can reutilized ketone bodies

A

False it cannot.

Extra hepatic tissues can

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45
Q

Increase in free fatty acids results to the ff except
A. Ketosis
B. more acetyl coA undergoes esterification
C. More acetyl coA undergoes TCA

A

C. Less goes to TCA

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46
Q

Fatty acids are
A. Hydrophobic
B. hydrophilic
C. Amphipathic

A

C.
Hydrophobic yun hydrocarbon chain
Hydrophilic un carboxyl end

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48
Q 
Plant that produces hypoglycin causes 
A. Jamaican vomiting sickness
B. dicarboxylic aciduria
C. Refsum's disease 
D. Zellweger's syndrome
A

A

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50
Q

How many ATP is produced from stearic acid

A

120

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52
Q

True or false. REDUCED glutathione can remove hydrogen peroxide

A

True.

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53
Q

Saturated fatty acids have
A. No double bond
B. Have single double bond
C. Have alternating double and single bonds
D. Composed of single, double and triple bonds

A

A

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54
Q

Where does lipogenesis occur

A

Cytosol

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55
Q 
True regarding lipolysis 
A. Occurs in cytosol 
B. anaerobic or aerobic process 
C, ATP producing 
D. Simple reverse of lipogenesis
A

C. Occurs in mitochondria, aerobic process, not a simple reverse of lipogenesis

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56
Q 
Mediator of inflammation
A. Prostaglandin E
B. Prostaglandin I2
C. Thromboxane A2 
D. Two of the above
A

D. PGE2 and TX A2

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57
Q

Carboxylases requires what cofactor

A

Biotin

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58
Q

Increase in citrate would result to
A. Increase lipogenesis
B. dec lipogenesis

A

A

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61
Q

Insulin
A. Increases lipogenesis
B. decrease lipogenesis

A

A.

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63
Q 
Inhibitor of thromboxane A2 
A. Prostaglandin E
B. Prostaglandin I2
C. Thromboxane A2 
D. Two of the above
A

B

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64
Q

Acyl coA dehydrogenase requires what cofactor

A

FAD

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65
Q 
Acyl synthase coA can be found in the ff except 
A. Cytosol 
B. endoplasmic reticulum 
C. Mitochondria
D. Peroxisomes
A

A

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67
Q

Fed state will
A. Increase lipolysis
B. decrease lipolysis

A

B

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68
Q 
Characterized by phytanic acid 
A. Jamaican vomiting sickness
B. dicarboxylic aciduria
C. Refsum's disease 
D. Zellweger's syndrome
A

C

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69
Q

Where are double bonds of arachidonic acids located

A

Delta 5,8,11,14

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70
Q 
Induces uterine contraction 
A. Prostaglandin E
B. Prostaglandin I2
C. Thromboxane A2 
D. Prostaglandin F2 
E. Two of the above
A

E. PGF2 and PGE

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73
Q

the rate-limiting enzyme of eicosanoid biosynthesis

A

Phospholipase a2

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74
Q 
The following enzymes can be found in the inner mitochondrial membrane except 
A. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I 
B. carnitine palmitoyltransferase II 
C. Acyl carnitine 
D. Carnitine
A

A.

Yun c, d. Both inner and outer

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75
Q

RAte limiting enzyme of pentose phosphate pathway

A

Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase

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76
Q

Beta oxidation of fatty acid sequence
A. Dehydrogenation,hydration, oxidation, thiolysis
B. dehydrogenation, dehydration, reduction, thiokinase
C. Oxidation, dehydrogenation, hydrogenation, thiokinase
D. oxidation, hydration, dehydrogenation, thiolysis

A

D

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77
Q 
For propionyl coA to be used in citric acid cycle it must first be converted to 
A. Malonyl coA 
B. acetyl coA 
C. Succinyl coA 
D. Alpha ketoglutarate
A

C

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78
Q 
Characterized by lack of mitochondrial acrylic coA dehydrogenase 
A. Jamaican vomiting sickness
B. dicarboxylic aciduria
C. Refsum's disease 
D. Zellweger's syndrome
A

B

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79
Q

Free fatty acid enter liver and exit as

A

VLDL

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80
Q

Precursor in cholesterol synthesis

A

Acetoacetate

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81
Q 
Misoprostol which increases mucous secretion and deceased gastric acid secretion is an example of 
A. Prostaglandin E
B. Prostaglandin I2
C. Thromboxane A2 
D. Two of the above
A

A

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82
Q

Precursor of ketone bodies in the liver

A

Free fatty acids

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84
Q 
Used in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension 
A. Prostaglandin E
B. Prostaglandin I2
C. Thromboxane A2 
D. Two of the above
A

B. by increasing cAMP

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85
Q

Chemical equation of lipogenesis if myristic acid will be the end product

A

Substrates Acetyl coA + 6 malonyl coA + 12 NADPH+ 12 H

Products myristic acid + 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 7 coASH + 12 NADP

86
Q

Precursor for the synthesis of odd numbered fatty acid

A

Propionyl coA

87
Q

Giving of fenofibrate,a PPAR activator would
A. Increase triglyceride
B. decrease triglyceride

A

B

88
Q

Insulin
A. Increases Lipolysis
B. decreases lipolysis

A

B

89
Q 
When glucose is OXIDIZED it becomes 
A. Glucoronic acid
B. sorbitol 
C. Sucrose
D. ATP
A

A.

Sorbitol if reduced xa

90
Q 
Glucose is an example of a 
A. Ketohexose
B. ketopentose
C. Aldohexose
D. aldopentose
A

C

91
Q 
carbohydrate is used in glycoproteins 
A. ribose
B. lyxose
C. Arabinose
D. Neuraminic acid
A

C. Also xylose and mannose

92
Q

Insulin
A. Activates PDH, activates acetyl coA carboxylase
B. Activates PDH, inactivates acetyl coA carboxylase
C. Inactivates PDH, activates acetyl coA carboxylase
D. Inactivates PDH, inactivates acetyl coA carboxylase

A

A.

93
Q 
Glucose plus fructose 
A. Maltose
B. lactose
C. Sucrose
D. Starch
A

C. Glycosidic bond alpha 1 beta 2

94
Q 
The ff happens in a well fed state except 
A. PPP
B. fructose metabolism 
C. Lipogenesis 
D. Lipolysis
A

D

96
Q 
Carbohydrate used in structure of proteoglycans
 A. ribose
B. lyxose
C. Arabinose
D. Neuraminic acid
A

D

97
Q

Where does chain elongation of fatty acid takes place

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

98
Q 
Rate limiting enzyme in PPP
A. Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase
B. 6 phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
C. Transketolase
D. PFK1
A

A

100
Q

Most important intermediate in PPP that is used in the synthesis of nucleotide

A

Ribose 5 phosphate

101
Q 
ATP is an example of 
A. Nucleotide 
B. nucleoside
C. Glycoproteins 
D. Carbohydrate
A

A.

Nucleoside- wlang phosphate group

102
Q 
PPP is active in the ff except 
A. Liver
B. skeletal muscle
C. Lactating mammaries
D. RBC
A

B

103
Q

In G6PD deficiency, RBC are described as

A

Bite cells

Un hemoglobin may Heinz bodies

104
Q 
What is the enzyme needed to activate a carbohydrate that gives a precipitate in Mucic acid test but has zero opTical rotation 
A. Aldolase b 
B. PFK 1 
C. galactose 1 uridyltransferase 
D. Transketolase
A

C. Sugar described is galactose

105
Q

What diseases is caused by a deficiency of very long chain acyl CoA synthetase

A

X-LINKED ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY

106
Q

Main organ site for uronic acid pathway

A

Liver. In the cytoplasm

108
Q

Enzyme deficient in humans that results in inability to produce own ascorbic acid

A

L gulonolactone oxidase

109
Q 
The following can INHIBIT lipogenesis except 
A. Increase in citrate
B. increase in fatty acyl coA 
C. Glucagon 
D. Decrease in ATP
A

A. Stimulated if MADAMI un citrate

110
Q

Enzyme needed to converted fructose 1 phosphate to DHAP and glyceraldehyde

A

Aldolase b

111
Q 
What product of PPP will produce a red furfural ring  to furfural test 
A. Ribose
B. glucose 
C. NADPH
D. Xylulose
A

A. The test is for 5 carbon sugars.

112
Q 
Triacylglycerols must be hydrolyzed by a \_\_\_\_\_  to their constituent fatty acids and glycerol before further catabolism can proceed
A. Sucrose
B. lipase
C. Dehydrogenase 
D. Reductase
A

B

113
Q

Main precursor of eicosanoids

A

Arachidonic acid

115
Q 
To increase cell membrane fluidity, \_\_\_\_\_ saturated FA,  \_\_\_\_\_ unsaturated FA 
A. Increase, increase 
B. decrease, increase
C. Decrease, decrease 
D. Increase, decrease
A

B

117
Q

Where can unsaturation of FA occur

A

Endoplasmic reticulum by delta 9 desaturase sys

118
Q

Mechanism of aspirin

A

acetylation of the serine residue of cyclooxygenase (irreversible

119
Q

Where are the double bonds of linoleic acid located

A

Delta 9,12

120
Q

Rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids

A

Stearyl coA desaturase

121
Q

LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4 are collectively called as ______ because they mediate inflammatory responses

A

slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A

122
Q

Peroxisomal beta oxidation leads to formation of what products

A

Acetyl coA and hydrogen peroxide

123
Q 
What kind of oxidation forms dicarboxylic acid 
A. Alpha
B. beta 
C. Omega 
D. All of the above
A

C

124
Q

The common intermediate in the synthesis of triacylglycerol and glycerophospholipids

A

Phsophotidate

125
Q

Parent compound of all sphingolipid

A

Ceramide

126
Q

Major source of arachidonic acid

A

Cell membrane

127
Q

What enzyme catAlyzes the release of arachidonic acid from C2 of phospholipid

A

Phospholipsde a2

128
Q 
Mechanism of action of steroids 
A. Phospholipase a2 inhibitor 
B. phospholipase a2 activator 
C. Transketolase activator 
D. Transketolase inhibitor
A

A

129
Q

Glutathione peroxidase needs what cofactor

A

Selenium

130
Q

Collective term for the enzyme that converts acyl coA to acetyl coA

A

Fatty acid oxidase

133
Q 
In ketoacidosis
A. Increase lipogenesis 
B. decrease lipogenesis 
C. Increase lipolysis
D. Decrease lipolysis
A

C

134
Q

Where are the double bonds of omega 3 located

A

Delta 9,12,15

135
Q

Malonyl coA will
A. Inhibit lipolysis
B. stimulate lipolysis

A

A. Because it will inhibit carnitine palmitoyltransferase I

137
Q 
Products of aldolase B are further metabolized by 
a. glycolysis 
B. gluconeogenesis
C. Both 
D. None of the above
A

C

138
Q

Which of the following is FALSE
A, starvation stimulates ketogenesis
B. increase in malonyl coA inhibits ketogenesis
C. Increase in glucagon inhibits ketogenesis
D.stimulation of Carnitine palmitoyltransferase stimulates ketogenesis

A

C. Glucagon stimulates ketogenesis

139
Q

How many ATP is needed in PPP

A

None

143
Q 
The ff occurs in the cytoplasm except 
A. Glycolysis 
B. lipogenesis
C. Lipolysis 
D. PPP
A

C. Sa mitochondria xa.

146
Q

True or false. Fatty acid are unattached inside the cell

A

False. They are attached to fatty acid binding protein

148
Q 
Chronic granulomatous defiency is characterized by 
A. Deficient NADPH oxidase
B. deficient glutathione peroxidase
C.  Deficient in transketolases
D. Deficient fructose metabolism
A

A

149
Q 
Characterized by absence of peroxisomes
A. Jamaican vomiting sickness
B. dicarboxylic aciduria
C. Refsum's disease 
D. Zellweger's syndrome
A

D

152
Q

Rate limiting product of lipogenesis

A

Malonyl coA

154
Q

Primary site of TAG synthesis

A

Liver

156
Q

Substrate for ketogenesis

A

Acetoacetyl CoA.

158
Q

Collectively known as ketone bodies

A

Acetone, acetoacetate, beta hydoxybutyrate

159
Q

Where does ketogenesis takes place

A

Mitochondria

161
Q 
Glucose plus galactose 
A. Maltose
B. lactose
C. Sucrose
D. Starch
A

B. glycosidic bond beta 1,4

167
Q 
Beta oxidation means cleaving between 
A. Carbon 1 and 2
B. carbon 2 and 3 
C. Carbon 1 and 3 
D. Carbon 4 and 5
A

B

173
Q

Source of carbon dioxide in the lipogenesis

A

Bicarbonate ion

185
Q

Beta hydroxyacyl coA dehydrogenase needs what cofactor

A

NAD

188
Q 
Short chain fatty are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ except 
A. More water soluble 
B. exist in unionized 
C. Fatty acid anion 
D. Fatty acid cation
A

D.

193
Q 
What transports free fatty acid to their site of consumption 
A. Albumin 
B. plasma protein 
C. Blood
D. Alpha proteins
A

A.

207
Q

Glucagon
A. Increases lipogenesis
B. decreases lipogenesis

A

B. by inhibiting acetyl coA carboxylase

208
Q

Key enzyme in PPP?

A

G6PD

209
Q

number of NADPH produced per molecule of glucose.

A

2.

210
Q

G6PD Deficiency is characterized by __________ anemia.

A

Hemolytic

211
Q

True or False. Reduced NADPH in RBC results in increase detoxification of peroxides.

A

False.

212
Q

early detector for metabolic/genetic diseases?

A

NBS.

213
Q

G6PD enzyme shows normal stability but, very low activity in all RBCs.

A

Class II.

214
Q

chronic non spherocytic anemia even without oxidative stress.

A

Class I.

215
Q

RBCs contain unstable G6PD enzyme, but normalactivity in younger RBCs and reticulocytes.

A

Class III.

216
Q

Hemolytic Anemia can be precipitated by?

A

FOOD: fava beand (favism)
DRUGS: antimalarial
STRESS: infection

217
Q

In DKA, high serum glucose levels may lead to _______________.

A

Delutional hyponatremia.

218
Q

In DKA, high triglyceride levels may lead to _______________.

A

factitous low glucose levels.

219
Q

elevation of creatinine level is caused by ___________.

A

HIGH levels of ketone bodies.

220
Q

use to rule out pulmonary infection such as pneumonia.

A

Chest Radiography

221
Q

to detect early cerebral edema;use low threshold inchildren with DKA and altered mental status.

A

Head CT Scan

222
Q

to detect early cerebral edema, ONLY if altered consciousnessis present.

A

Head MRI

223
Q

major storage lipid in adipose tissue.

A

Triacylglycerol

224
Q

Major components of plsma and other membranes.

A

Phospholipids and Glycophingolipids

225
Q

component of lung surfactant.

A

Dipalmitoyl lecithin

226
Q

precursor of hormone second messenger.

A

Inositol phospholipid

227
Q

platelet activating factor

A

involved in inflammation and chemotaxis

228
Q

phospholipid in mitochondria

A

plasmalogen

229
Q

differentiate portions of the molecule turnover at different rates.

A

CATBOLISM OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS.

230
Q

an important signaling molecule regulating pathways including cell death, cell cycle cell differentiation and senescence.

A

Ceramide

231
Q

present in plasma membrane; membranous sheath that surrounds and insulates the axons of some neurons.

A

SPHNGOMYELIN.

232
Q

involves the loss of both phospholipids and spingolipids from white matter.

A

MS

233
Q

deficient Hexoaminidase ; rapidly progressing mental retardation, blindness, early mortality.

A

Tay-Sachs Dse.

234
Q

mediate pain and inflammation, reproduction, and blood coagultion.

A

Prostaglandins

235
Q

is inducible and is expressed in macrophages and monocytes in response to inflammation.

A

COX-2 (PGS-2)

236
Q

is expressed constitutively in gastric mucosa, kidney, and vascular endothelial cells.

A

COX-1(PGS-1)

237
Q

ENZYME: GLUCOSE—>SORBITOL

A

aldose reductase

238
Q

ENZYME: SORBITOL —> FRUCTOSE

A

Sorbitol Dehydrogenase

239
Q

ENZYME: GALACTOSE —> GALACTOSE 1P

A

galactokinase and hexokinase

MODULE 3 & 4 (var) (5 decks)

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