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GBA Biochemistry > Biochem MCQ 2018 > Flashcards

Biochem MCQ 2018 Flashcards

1
Q

Which are the Enzymes that Produce NADPH in the Pantose Phosphate Pathway?

A

1) Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase

2) 6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase

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2
Q

vWF Active form - Multimeric or Monomeric?

A

Multimeric

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3
Q

Structure of Arachidonic Acid and what is it produced from?

A

20:4 fatty acid chain

Produced from phospholipids ; phosphatidylethanolamine , phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol.

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4
Q

Which blood (components) cells are involved in the Dissolution of Fibrin to D-Dimers ?

A

Leukocytes: Monocytes and Neutrophills have Receptors that co-activate Plasmin and other Fibrinolytic agents.

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5
Q

3 ways Insulin regulates Lipolysis:

A

1) Activates PP1 that dephosphorylates HSL
2) Activates PDE
3) Inhibits Adenylate Cyclase

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6
Q

3 common Proteins on the ER Surface?

A

1) SERCA
2) IP3 Receptor
3) Ryanodine Receptor

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7
Q

Is there ketone bodies production under physiological conditions?

A

No

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8
Q

What regulates the Activity of ACC in a working Skeletal Muscle?

A

AMPK

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9
Q

How does the Work of Na/K pumps influence the Extracellular Concentration of Potassium?

A

Decrease it.

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10
Q

Sucrose Structure: Bond and Components

A

Glucose and Fructose linked by Alpha 1-2 Glycosidic Bond

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11
Q

AA with 4 carbons

A

Asp , Asn ,Thr

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12
Q

vWF Functions

A

1) Factor 8 binding

2) Platelet to sub-endothelial tissue binding upon injury

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13
Q

In the Neurons we have a reaction allowing Acetyl-CoA groups transfer to Oligodendroglia for FA Synthesis. Say it:

A

Acetyl-CoA+ Aspartate=> N-Acetylaspartate

Catalyzed by N-Acetylaspartate Synthase

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14
Q

What is the Aim of the Ornithine Cycle?

A

Formation of Urea in order to release Ammonia (2 Ammnonia groups) from the body in the urinary system.

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15
Q

Beta -Oxidation of 1 mole of Palmitate:

What are the Products and Additional Substrates?

A 
Additional Substrates:
1 ATP, 7 FAD+, 7 NAD+ .
Products:
AMP, Pyrophosphate , 7 FADH2 , 7 NADH 
And 8 Acetyl-CoA.
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16
Q

Where is Carnitine Produced?

A

Liver (Mostly)

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17
Q

2 Enzymes that are needed in order to form Serotonin from Tryptophan (Cofactors as well) :

A

1) Trp Hydroxylase - with Tetrahydrobiopterin

2) Aromatic Amino acids Decarboxylase - with PLP

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18
Q

Why is Glycine the only Prorteogenic amino acid which is not Optically active?

A

It’s side chain is a Hydrogen atom.

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19
Q

What are the 5 Cofactors for PDH ?

A

1) TPP
2) Lipoic Acid
3) FAD
4) NAD
5) Coenzyme A

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20
Q

Lupus Anticoagulant:

A

Antibodies that attack phospholipid Membrane, thus increasing inappropriate coagulation and Platlet Aggregation.

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21
Q

Aspirin Activity - Reversible or Irreversible?

A

Irreversible

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22
Q

Which cells use Scavenger Receptors in an Artherosclerotic lesion?
What transition occurs in them?

A

Macrophages expressing scavenger receptors take up oxidized LDL deposited in Blood vessle walls.
Develop to Foam cells.

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23
Q

Amino Acid without chiral Center

A

Glycine

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24
Q

How many 2,3 BPG Molecules bind to the Tetramer Hemoglobin?

A

1

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25
Q

Conversion of Ornithine to Citruline -

Enzyme and Defect Results :

A

Ornithine Carbamoyl Transferase.

Defect leads to Hyperammonemia and Mental Retardation.

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26
Q

Order of the Enzymes of Beta-Oxidation:

A

1) Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase
2) Enoyl-CoA Hydratase
3) Hydroxy-Acyl Dehydrogenase
4) Thiolase

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27
Q

Substrates and Products of Glutaminase Reaction:

A

S: Glutamine and Water
P: Glutamate and Ammonia/Ammonium

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28
Q

SRB1 Job:

A

Uptake of HDL in the Liver

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29
Q

What is the cause of K+ Ion Channel Saturation?

A

Diffusion Limit

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30
Q

Glutamate Dehydrogenase Reaction:

A

Glutamate + NADP (or NAD)+ H2O Will Give off:

NH4 + Alpha-KG + NADPH (or NADH)

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31
Q

Insulin receptor Subunits:

A

2xAlpha

2xBeta

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32
Q

If an Enzyme stops working at pH 6.4 Which AA is on its side chain?

A

Histidine

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33
Q

What are 3 the Enzymes needed to convert Propionyl-CoA to Succinyl-CoA?
Mention an Important Co-factor and a related Condition.

A

1) Propionyl-CoA Carboxylase (PCC)
2) Methmalonyl-CoA Racemase
3) Methmalonyl-CoA Mutase - Cofactor: Vit-B12.

without it - Secondary Carnitine Deficiency.

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34
Q

Conversion of UTP to CTP:

Enzyme and Nitrogen Donor?

A

CTP Synthetase

Glutamine

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35
Q

Where does LCAT and ACAT each act? What are they catalyzing?

A

Cholesteryl-Esters formation:
ACAT - in Tissue Cells
LCAT - in Plasma

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36
Q

Choose the Essential Amino Acids:

1) Ile
2) Ser
3) Cys
4) Phe
5) Trp

A

1, 4, 5

Isoleucine, Phenylalanine and Tryptophan.

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37
Q

Which enzyme deficiency leads to decrease in Urate and Ammonia level in serum after exercise?

A

AMP Deaminase Deficiency

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38
Q

PCC reaction:

Substrates, Products, Coenzyme.

A

Substrates : Propionyl-CoA, Bicarbonate and ATP
Products: Methmalonyl-CoA, ADP and Pi
Coenzyme: Biotin, as a Carboxyl group Carrier.

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39
Q

Functional Group of Serine?

A

CH2-OH

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40
Q

What factors are required in order to find the turnover number?

A

Vmax / Et

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41
Q

Which of the Following is involved in the De-novo synthesis of AMP? (Substrates and Enzymes)

1) Ribose-5-P
2) Orotate
3) Aspartate Carbamoyl Transferase
4) Phosphoribosyl-formylglycine Synthetase
5) IMP

A

1) Ribose-5-P
4) Phosphoribosyl-formylglycine Synthetase
5) IMP

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42
Q

Anticoagulants produced by Endothelial cells

A

1) tPA
2) NO
3) Prostacyclin
4) uPA
5) Heparan Sulfate
6) Thrombomodulin
7) TFPI

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43
Q

Enzymes requiring ATP in the Glycolytic Pathway?

A

Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK1) and Hexokinase

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44
Q

Definition of Turnover Number

A

Maximum Number of Substrate converted to Product per second by each active site (unit s-1)

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45
Q

What happens when an LDL is binding to a SRA?

A

Ligand-Receptor Complex is Internalized

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46
Q

Which of the Following Amino acids are both Gluconeogenic and Ketogenic:

1) Ile
2) Val
3) His
4) Arg
5) Tyr

A

Isoleucine and Tyrosine

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47
Q

Prostethtic Group of Homocystiene Methyltransferase:

A

B12

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48
Q

What Enzyme Regulates the Insulin Secretion in the Beta Pancreatic Cells?

A

Glucokinase

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49
Q

What is SAM?

A

S-Adenosyl-Methionine, it is a Methyl group donor in multiple Methyl transferases Reactions

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50
Q

Name two Enzymes that can produce Arachidonic Acid? From which Substrates?

A

1) Delta-6-Desaturase Using Linoleic Acid , Leading to Cascade of Formation of Arachidonic Acid.
2) Phospholipase A2 from Membrane Phospholipids (Single Reaction).

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51
Q

Reaction of Aspartate transcarbmoylase:

A

Carbamoyl Phosphate +Asp will give

Aspartate Carbamoyl+ Pi

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52
Q

GLUTs of Astrocytes and Neurons?

A

Astrocytes: GLUT1
Neurons: GLUT3

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53
Q

Which are the 3 Amino Acids that participates in the formation of a Purine?

A

1)Glutamine - N3, N9
2)Glycine - C5, C4 and N7
3)Aspartate - N1
(also Bicarbonate + 2xTetrahydrofolate)

54
Q

Heparin Anticoagulant activity:

A

Binds to Antithrombin causes conformational change leading to AT activation, AT will inactivate Thrombin and Factor Xa.

55
Q

Non Polar Amino Acids

A

Leu, Ile , Val , Met , Phe , Trp , Ala , Pro

56
Q

High Phosphoryl transfer potential compounds of Glycolytic pathway:

A
  • Phosphoenolpyruvate

- 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate

57
Q

What are the 2 NADPH sources for Fatty Acid Synthesis?

A

1) Malic Enzyme

2) Pentose Phosphate Pathway (2 Dehydrogenases)

58
Q

Name at least 4 Cellular effects of Muscarinic Ach receptors:

A

1) [Ca2+] Intracellularly elevates
2) Activation of Phospholipase C
3) Activation of K+ Channels
4) G-Protein Activation

59
Q

On which side the K+ Ion Channel gate is located?

A

Intracellular side

60
Q

Which Enzyme deficiency leads to High Arg Concentrations in Serum and Blood?

A

Arginase

61
Q

What are compounds of the respiratory chain? (by their order)

A

1) NADH
2) Cytochrome C
3) Ubiquinone

62
Q

Which amino acids have 2 chiral centers?

A

Isoleucine and Threonine

63
Q

WRONG for Regulation of Plasma Cholesterol Level:

1) LDLR are under transcriptional Control based on SREBP
2) SREBP is Released following cholesterol-dependent proteolysis
3) SREBP is a nuclear receptor that binds Sterols.
4) LXR is a nuclear receptor that binds Sterols.
5) CYP7A1 is under transcriptional control based on LXR

A

3)!
SREBP is activated by proteolytic cleavage of SP1. SREBP precursors are retained in the ER membranes through a tight association with SCAP and a protein of the INSIG family

64
Q

In the SAM Cycle, The Reaction between Homocysteine and N5-Methyl-Tetrahydrofolate :
Enzyme and Cofactor?
Which two products are formed?

A 
Methionine synthase (aka Homocysteine methyl transferase) with cofactor Vit B12, catalyzes this reaction.
Homocysteine + N5-Methyl-Tetrahydrofolate => Methionine + Tetrahydrofolate
65
Q

Regulatory Enzyme for Deoxynucleutide Reaction:

rNTP + R(SH)2=>dNTP + R-S2

A

Ribonucleutide Reducatse

66
Q

What metabolic intermediate will be present in high concentration in the plasma after prolonged Fasting?
( Under physiological Conditions)

A

Free Fatty Acids

67
Q

Name 2 Secondary Bile Acids?

What is their Common structural trait? (In contrast to Primary ones)

A

Deoxycholic Acid and Lithocholic Acid

They have no Hydroxyl Group on 7’.

68
Q

Acyl-CoA Cholesterol Acyltransferase Reaction (ACAT)?

Location?

A

Cholesterol + Acyl-CoA -> Cholesteryl-Ester

Happens in ER

69
Q

How can Thrombin act as an Anticoagulant?

A

In Complex with Thrombomodulin and Protein C and S it Activates Protein C -> Inactivation of FV, FVIII

70
Q

3 Most Important Precursors of Gluconeogenesis:

A

1) Lactate
2) Glycerol
3) Alanine

71
Q

Amino Acids that are part of the Conjugation of Bile Acids:

A

Taurine and Glycine

72
Q

Regulation of PFK1:

A

Positive:
F2,6BP ,ADP, AMP (Insulin-PP1)
Negative:
ATP , H+ and Citrate (Glucagon-PKA)

73
Q

Which statement is NOT valid for FXIII?

1) It’s a substrate for Thrombin.
2) It catalyzes peptide bonds in fibrinogen and fibrin.
3) It’s activity facilitates the incorporation of Alpha-2-Plasmin inhibitor in the Thrombi.
4) It’s deficiency causes Hemorrhage.

A

2)X It catalyzes peptide bonds in fibrinogen and fibrin. X
Wrong!

It is a Transglutaminase creating an Isopeptide between Lys and Gln Residues of Antiparallel Fibrins.
True!

74
Q

Which enzyme deficiency leads to Orotic Aciduria?

A

UMP Synthase : Converts Orotic Acid to UMP

75
Q

What is the Glucose Transporter in the Glucose sensory cells Pancreas?

A

GLUT2

76
Q

What Enzyme Deficiency causes Essential Fructoseuria ?

A

Fructokinase Deficiency

77
Q

Maltose Structure: Bond and Components

A

Two Glucose Molecules linked by Alpha 1-4 Glycosidic Bond

78
Q

3 Proteins (at least) Participating in Reverse Cholesterol Transport:

A

1) ABCA1
2) Apoprotein A1
3) LCAT
2) SRB1

79
Q

S-Adenosyl-Methionine (SAM) donating a Methyl Group will be called afterwards: (full name)

A

S-Adenosyl-Homocysteine (SAH)

80
Q

3 Co-Enzymes of Bile Acids Synthesis:

A

1) NADPH
2) NADH
3) CoA

81
Q

Name at least 3 Molecules participating the vesicular transport of Ach Neurotransmitter;

A

1) ATP
2) H+
3) Ca2+

82
Q

Unit of specific activity?

A

U/milligram

83
Q

Why does Aspirin causes gastric bleeding?

A

Inhibits COX-1 in GI which Role in Gastric Mucosa secretion. Protection Declines.

84
Q

How much ATP is produced from the conversion of 1 Mole of Glucose to 2 Moles of Lactate?

A

2 ATP

85
Q

What are the 3 Main Ketone Bodies? (Know the Struc)

A

Acetone, Acetoacetate, beta-Hydroxybutyrate

86
Q

Streptokinase Action:

A

Forms a Complex with Plasmin and Plasminogen leading to Zymogen Self activation.

87
Q

What will regulate the activity Ribonucleotide Reductase?

A

ATP and dATP

88
Q

What it the target of the Anticancer Drug 5’ Flurouracil ?

A

Thymidylate Synthase (Deoxynucleotide Synthesis)

89
Q

What is the purpose of the LDH reaction in the Hard* working skeletal Muscle?

A

Elevating of NAD+ amount in order to allow more Electron carrying in Mitochondria for Oxidation and ATP production.

90
Q

Ketoacidosis could be formed by a Deficiency of which enzyme (common in DM1)?

A

Pyruvate Carboxylase Deficiency - Enhanced PDH Substrate.

91
Q

Cause for Systemic Primary Carnitine Deficiency:

A

OCTN2 Transporter Impaired

92
Q

Other than Ketoacidosis what other outcomes arise from Pyruvate Carboxylase Deficiency?

A

Lactic Acidosis - Enhanced LDH Substrate

93
Q

What are the 6 Basic Enzyme Classes?

A

1) Transferases
2) Ligases
3) Oxidoreductases
4) Isomerases
5) Lyases
6) Hydrolases

94
Q

L-DOPA is an intermediate of which Conversion?

Might be a treatment for which patients?

A

Tyrosine to Epinephrine.

Coma Patients.

95
Q

Name 2 Primary Bile Acids:

Where are they synthesized?

A

1)Cholic Acid
2)Chenodeoxycholic Acid
In the Liver

96
Q

In Enzyme kinetics what is the name of an Effector protein that:

  • Give rise to a Sigmoidal V0 to [S] Plot.
  • Composed of Several Subunits.
  • Can Activate or Inhibit an Enzyme by binding and creating a confrontational change.
A

Allosteric Regulator

97
Q

What is the function of 5’ Nucleotidase Enzyme?

A

Catabolism of Pyrimidines:

Nucleotide to Nucleoside.

98
Q

True for Dissolution of Fibrin :

1) Plasmin hydrolyzes the bonds converting the fibrin monomers.
2) Leukocytes participate in this process
3) cleavage of the Lys-Gln isopeptide bond is Prequisite for dissolution
4) Multiple peptide bonds within the fibrin monomers are hydrolyzed.
5) a possible FDP is D-Dimers.

A

2 , 4 , 5

99
Q

In the SAM Cycle, SAH will be hydrolyzed to which 2 components?

A

Homocysteine and Adenosine

100
Q

Enzymes for Synthesis of Estrogen from Cholesterol (by order):

A

1) CYP11 Hydroxylase
2) CYP17 Hydroxylase
3) Sulfonyltransferase
4) Aromatase

101
Q

Precursors of the Biosynthesis of Pyrimidine Ring:

A

1) Aspartate
2) Glutamine
3) CO2 from respiration

102
Q

Gilbert syndrome: Causes and symptoms

A

Unconjugated Bilirubin in Blood caused by deficiency in UDP glucuronosyl transferase (UGT)

103
Q

Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase:

Location, Coenzyme, Activity, Deficiency

A

Mitochondria
FAD
Trans-Double Bond Formation on FA
No Ketone bodies Production

104
Q

What stabilizes the T state of hemoglobin?

A

2,3 BPG

105
Q

Molecular Background of APC Resistance:

A

FV and FXIIIa inactivation by APC is Impaired due to mutation amino acid sequence change.

106
Q

Lactose structure : Bond and Components

A

Galactose and Glucose Connected by Beta 1-4 Glycosidic Bond

107
Q

Enzyme that produce GTP in the TCA Cycle?

A

Succinyl-CoA Synthetase

108
Q

Definition of Michaelis-Menten constant:

A

Km shows the concentration of the substrate when the reaction velocity is equal to one half of the maximal velocity for the reaction. It can also be thought of as a measure of how well a substrate complexes with a given enzyme, otherwise known as its binding affinity.

109
Q

UDP-Glucose Phosphorylase Reaction:

A

Glucose-1-P + UTP -> UDP-Glucose + PPi

110
Q

Enzymes of Glycolysis catalyzing the formation of ATP:

A

Pyruvate Kinase and Phosphoglycerate Kinase

111
Q

Phenylketonuria: Which Enzyme Deficiency?

A

Phenylalanine Hydroxylase (Dihydrobiopterine is the cofactor). Produces Tyrosine.

112
Q 
Which of the Following Enzymes:
A)Hormone Sensitive Lipase
B)Pancreatic Lipase
C)Lipoprotein Lipase
is active in Adipocytes while working-out?
What activates it?
A

Hormone Sensitive Lipase (HSL) .

Activated by Beta-2-adrenergic Receptor ligand binding.

113
Q

Name at least 3 elements of the Microsomal drug system?

A

1) Cytochrome B5
2) NADPH
3) Cytochrome p450 Isoenzymes

114
Q

Malonyl-CoA inhibits…

A

Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase 1 (CPT1)
Aka
Carnitine Acyl Transferase 1 (CAT1)

115
Q

What is the Chemotherapeutic agent that inhibits Dihydrofolate Reductase?

A

Methotrexate (MTX)

116
Q

3 Targets Against Artherosclerosis

A

1) HMG-CoA Reductase
2) NPC1L1
3) CETP

117
Q

Inhibitors of PDH:

A

1) Acetyl-CoA
2) NADH
3) ATP
4) Glucagon
5) FA and Ketone Bodies

118
Q

Enzyme Catalyzing Glucuronidation?

Cofactor?

A

UDP- Glucoronosyl Transferase (UGT)

Coenzyme UDP glucoronidate

119
Q

Catalytic Triad of Serine Porteases Contains:

1) Asp
2) Glu
3) His
4) Ser
5) Tyr

A

Catalytic triangle Amino acids:

Ser-His-Asp

120
Q

What are the two states of Hemoglobin?

A

Relaxed and Tensed - R= Oxy and T =Deoxy

121
Q 
Which of the Following Enzymes:
A)Hormone Sensitive Lipase
B)Pancreatic Lipase
C)Lipoprotein Lipase
is active in capillaries of a working Skeletal Muscle?
What activates it?
A

Lipoprotein Lipase - Activated by Epinephrine

122
Q

What is the Enzyme missing for TAG synthesis in Adipocytes which is present in the Liver?
What are the key Enzymes helps avoiding the need of the First one?

A 
Glycerol Kinase (in Liver).
PEPCK and Glycerol-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase - They are the most important points in Glyceroneogenesis.
123
Q

Common amino acids of the beta turn?

A

Proline and Glycine

124
Q

How is SAM formed in the SAM Cycle?

A

Methionine + ATP give off:
S-Adenosyl-Methionine + Pyrophosphate +Pi
Enzyme: SAM Synthase (aka Methionine Adenosyltransferase)

125
Q

What is the Cori Cycle pathway?

A

Lactate(Muscle) -> Lactate(Liver) -> Glucose(Liver) -> Glucose(Muscle) -> Lactate(Muscle) again and again…

126
Q

Pyruvate Kinase Activators and Inhibitors

A

Activator: Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate
Inhibitors: ATP, cAMP, Phosphorylation (PKA - Glucagon) and Alanine

127
Q

Isoelectric Point Defenition:

A

The pH at which a particular molecule carries no net electrical charge or is electrically neutral in the statistical mean

128
Q

How do Endothelial Cells inhibit Platelet Activation:

A

1) PGI2
2) Ecto-ADPase on their surface
3) NO

129
Q

True for the initiation of Blood coagulation:

1) TF in contact with blood
2) by conversion of Prothrombin to Thrombin
3) Activation of FXII
4) by conversion of FX to FXa by FVIIa

A

All

130
Q

Total Oxidation of 1 mole of Palmitate - Amount of ATP?

A

108 ATPs

GBA Biochemistry (6 decks)

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