Biochem/histology

Question 1

adding more proteins to ECM makes it stronger/weaker?

Answer 1

stronger

Question 2

drugs that affect microtubules?

Answer 2

• taxol (binds and stabilizes…cell does apoptosis)

- vinblastine, vincristine, colchicine, colcemid (bind to dimer, prevent polymerization)

Question 3

drugs that affect microfilaments?

Answer 3

• phalloidin (binds and stabalizes)
• cytochalasin (binds to + end to prevent polymerization)
• latrunculin (binds to monomers, prevents polymerization)

Question 4

ECM interacts with cells via?

Answer 4

transmembrane proteins

Question 5

collagen undergoes what two processes in ER lumen?

Answer 5

hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues, glycosylation of some residues

Question 6

what happens to procollagen when its in ECM?

Answer 6

enzymes cleave it, then it self assembles to collagen

Question 7

what cofactor is important for collagen? why?

Answer 7

vitamin C bc it’s necessary for monomers to become polymers

Question 8

what two diseases are associated with collagen?

Answer 8

scurvy (lack of cofactor vitamin C) and ehlers danlos syndrome (gene mutation)

Question 9

gap junction is also known as a?

Answer 9

channel-forming junction

Question 10

4 families of cell adhesion mcules (CAMs)?

Answer 10

cadherins, ig superfamily, selectins, integrins

Question 11

what CAMs are dependent on Ca2+?

Answer 11

cadherins, selectins

Question 12

E, N, VE cadherins interact with what? these cadherins are in what category?

Answer 12

actin cytoskeleton; classical

Question 13

LI cadherins are atypical because?

Answer 13

don’t interact with actin sytoskeleton

Question 14

which Ig superfamily CAMs are expressed on vascular endothelial cells and bind to integrin?

Answer 14

VCAM, ICAM, PECAM, NCAM

Question 15

which Ig superfamily CAM is expressed on mucosal endothelium to direct lymphocyte entry into mucosa?

Answer 15

MAdCAM

Question 16

what CAMs exhibit homo and heterophilic binding?

Answer 16

Ig superfamily

Question 17

what CAMs don’t have a strong affinity?

Answer 17

selectins; this allows for rolling of cells

Question 18

examples of integrins?

Answer 18

collagen, fibronectin, laminin

Question 19

integrins via B2 family do what?

Answer 19

have cell to cell interactions

Question 20

what enzyme to integrins interact with?

Answer 20

tyrosine kinase

Question 21

epithelial functions?

Answer 21

protection, permeability, secretion, sensation (via nerves)

Question 22

what is basement membrane necessary for?

Answer 22

diffusion of nutrients

Question 23

proteins in tight junctions?

Answer 23

occludins, claudins

Question 24

what occurs when you have tight junction problems?

Answer 24

blisters (fluid pools), food poisoning bacteria target TJs (leads to fluid in intestinal lumen), gastric ulcers (helicobacter pylori binds to TJs in stomach and increases permability)

Question 25

what proteins are in gap junctions?

Answer 25

connexins

Question 26

anchoring junctions (3)?

Answer 26

- adherens (lateral, involve cadherins that bind to actin) - desmosomes (lateral, involve cadherins that interact with intermediate filaments) - hemidesmosomes (basal adhesions involving integrins and intermediate filaments that anchor to basal lamina)

Question 27

autoimmune disease pemphigus vulgaris is related to problem with which anchoring junction? what happens?

Answer 27

desmosome; blisters of oral mucosa

Question 28

apical specializations (types)?

Answer 28

microvilli, stereocilia, cilia

Question 29

what happens in celiac disease?

Answer 29

loss of microvilli on absorptive cells in SI

Question 30

what's found in epididymis and hair cells of inner ear?

Answer 30

stereocilia (non-motile and motile, respectively)

Question 31

three types of cilia?

Answer 31

- motile (move debris) - primary (immotile, chemo/osmo/mechanoreceptors) - nodal (embryonic, help determine L/R axis, determination)

Question 32

simple squamous epithelia found where? functions?

Answer 32

- endothelium in blood and lymph vessels - mesothelium found in lining of serous membranes - loop of Henle - alveoli function: exchange, barrier, lubrication

Question 33

simple cuboidal epithelia found where? functions?

Answer 33

- ducts, ovary, kidney tubules, bronchioles | function: absorption, barrier, secretion

Question 34

simple columnar epithelia found where? functions?

Answer 34

auditory tubes, uterus, oviducts, stomach, SI/LI, gallbladder function: absorption, secretion

Question 35

pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelia found where? functions?

Answer 35

- lining of nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi | function: absoprtion, secretion, debris movement

Question 36

urothelium found where? functions?

Answer 36

- ureter, urethra, bladder | function: barrier, distensible (expands with fluid)

Question 37

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelia found where? functions?

Answer 37

- oral cavity, cornea, anus, vagina, esophagus, urethra | function: barrier, protection

Question 38

keratinized stratified squamous epithelia found where? functions?

Answer 38

- epidermis | function: prevent water loss, penetration by chemicals, barrier, protection

Question 39

stratified cuboidal epithelia found where? functions?

Answer 39

- sweat glands, salivary glands, ovarian follicles | function: barrier and passageway of ducts

Question 40

where are mucous membranes found?

Answer 40

respiratory and gut

Question 41

where are serous membranes found?

Answer 41

peritoneum, pericardium, pleura *mesothelium comprises part of serous membrane

Question 42

parenchyma?

Answer 42

function tissue of an organ, has no connective tissue or supporting tissue

Question 43

stroma does what?

Answer 43

supports secretory units by being a septum or capsule

Question 44

parotid gland, sublingual land, submandibular gland are made of what acini?

Answer 44

serous, mucous, mucoserous (respectively)