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NURS 444 > Biochem Glycolysis and TCA > Flashcards

Biochem Glycolysis and TCA Flashcards

1
Q

Define

Stereoisomers

A

same molecular formula, different orientation (spatial arrangement)

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2
Q

Define

Enantiomers

A

Non superimposable mirror images

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3
Q

Define

Diastereoisomers

A

Not enantiomers

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4
Q

Define

Epimers

A

Diastereoisomers with only one chiral carbon affected

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5
Q

Define

Anomers

A

Diastereoisomers that differ in ring closure. Alpha OH down, Beta OH up

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6
Q

Define glucose chain

Amylose

A

Unbranched starch of plants. α 1-4 linkage.
Helical structure, OH point outwards.

SOLUBLE

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7
Q

Define glucose chain

Amylopectin

A

Branched starch. Chain α 1-4 linkage
& branch α 1-6 linkage

SOLUBLE

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8
Q

Define glucose chain

Glycogen

A

HIGHLY branched sugar.
Chain α 1-4 linkage
and branch α 1-6 linkage

SOLUBLE

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9
Q

Define glucose chain

Cellulose

A

Straight chains in plants, β 1-4 linkage + H-bonds.

Strong and INSOLUBLE

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10
Q

Define glucose chain

Chitin

A

Animals. β 1-4 glycosidic bonds between glucose molecules with Nitrogen appendage.

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11
Q

Products of

Glycolysis

A

Anaerobic, Net gain 2 ATP and 2 NADH

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12
Q

Glycolysis irreversible enzymes

A
  1. Hexokinase
  2. Phosphofruktokinase (PFK)
  3. Pyruvate kinase
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13
Q

Gycolysis reaction driven by

Hexokinase

A

a-D-Glucose to Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P)

ATP invested

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14
Q

Gycolysis reaction driven by

Phosphoglucose isomerase

A

Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) to Fructose-6-phosphate (F6P)

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15
Q

Gycolysis reaction driven by

Phosphofructokinase

A

Fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) to Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6PP)
ATP invested

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16
Q

Gycolysis reaction driven by

Aldolase

A

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6PP) to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) + Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)

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17
Q

Gycolysis reaction driven by

Triosephosphate isomerase

A

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) to Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)

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18
Q

Gycolysis reaction driven by

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) to 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (1,3BPG)
- NAD+ to NADH

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19
Q

Gycolysis reaction driven by

Phosphoglycerate kinase

A

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (1,3BPG) to 3-Phosphoglycerate (3PG)

- ATP gained

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20
Q

Gycolysis reaction driven by

Phosphoglycerate mutase

A

3-Phosphoglycerate (3PG) to 2-Phosphoglycerate (2PG)

21
Q

Gycolysis reaction driven by

Enolase

A

2-Phosphoglycerate (2PG) to Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

22
Q

Gycolysis reaction driven by

Pyruvate kinase

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to Pyruvate

-ATP gained

23
Q

Inhibitors of Hexokinase + Liver version

A

G6P

Glucokinase

24
Q

Inhibitors and stimulators

PFK

A

Inhibitors: Citrate, ATP, H+

Stimulators: AMP, ADP, Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (F2,6PP)

25
Q

Inhibitors and stimulators

Pyruvate Kinase

A

Inhibitors: ATP, AcetylCoA, Alanine

Stimulators: Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6PP) whose levels are incresed by AMP, ADP stimulation on PFK

26
Q

Alcoholic fermentation

A

Anaerobic.
Pyruvate to Acetaldehyde (enzyme: Pyruvate decarboxylase)

Acetaldehyde to Ethanol and NAD+ (enzyme: Alcohol dehydrogenase)

27
Q

Lactic fermentation

A

Anaerobic.

Pyruvate to lactate and NAD+ (enzyme: Lactate dehydrogenase)

28
Q

Pyruvate-Alanine cycle

A

Getting rid of Nitrogen. Amino portion excreted in urea by kidneys

29
Q

Conversion of Pyruvate to oxaloacatate

A

In mitochondria (liver)

Enzyme: Pyruvate carboxylase

30
Q

Conversion of Pyruvate to AcetylCoA

A

Aerobic in mitochondria

Enzyme: Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

31
Q

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

A
  1. Pyruvate dehydrogenase: Rip off CO2
  2. Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase: Pyruvate becomes AcetylCoA
  3. Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase: NAD+ reduced to NADH
32
Q

Inhibitors and stimulators

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

A

Inhibitors: NADH, ATP, AcetylCoA

Stimulators: ADP, Pyruvate

33
Q

TCA cylce yield per Pyruvate

A

3 x NADH
1 x FADH2
1 x GTP
2 x CO2

34
Q

TCA rxn driven by

Citrate synthase

A

acetyl-CoA + oxaloacetate → CoA + citrate

35
Q

TCA rxn driven by

Aconitase

A

citrate ⇔ isocitrate

36
Q

TCA rxn driven by

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

A

isocitrate → α-ketoglutarate

  • NADH produced
37
Q

TCA rxn driven by

α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex

A

α-ketoglutarate + acetyl-CoA
→ succinyl-CoA

  • NADH produced
38
Q

TCA rxn driven by

Succinyl-CoA synthetase

A

Succinyl-CoA → succinate

  • GTP produced
39
Q

TCA rxn driven by

Succinate dehydrogenase

A

succinate → fumarate

-FADH2 produced

40
Q

TCA rxn driven by

Fumarase

A

fumarate → malate

41
Q

TCA rxn driven by

Malate dehydrogenase

A

Malate → oxaloacetate

  • NADH produced
42
Q

Glycolysis yield of 1 molecule of Glucose

A

2 x ATP net (2 invested, 4 gained)
2 x NADH
2 x Pyruvate

43
Q

Yield

2 x Pyruvate to 2 x AcetylCoA

A

2 x NADH
2 x CO2
2 x NADH

No ATP yield!!!!!

44
Q

Yield

2 x AcetylCoA enter TCA

A

6 x NADH
2 x FADH2
2 X GTP (ATP)

45
Q

Total ATP yield from 1 glucose molecule

TCA cycle

A

6 x NADH x 2.5 ATP = 15
2 x FADH2 x 1.5 ATP = 3
2 X GTP (ATP)

Total ATP = 20

46
Q

Name

Complex I

A

NADH-Q oxydoreductase

47
Q

Name

Complex II

A

Succinate Q reductase

48
Q

Name

Complex III

A

Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase

49
Q

Name

Complex IV

A

Cytochrome c oxidase

NURS 444 (7 decks)

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