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NURS 444 > Altered GI Fx > Flashcards

Altered GI Fx Flashcards

1
Q

Gastrointestinal dysfunction: Clinical

manifestations

A
  • Nausea
  • Retching, ie Nonproductive vomiting
  • Anorexia
  • Vomiting
  • Projectile vomiting, ie spontaneous
  • Constipation
  • Diarrhoea (Osmotic, Secretory, Motility)
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2
Q

Colorectal cancer: non-modifiable risks

A
  • Family history
  • Extensive inflammatory bowel disease such as ulcerative colitis
  • Ageing - occurs in older people over 55
  • Race(Caucasian)
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3
Q

Colorectal cancer: modifiable risks

A 
Diet:
• animal fats
• red meat
• alcohol
Sedentary Life
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4
Q

Colorectal cancer: Clinical manifestations

A
  • Rectal bleeding
  • Change in bowel habits
  • Fatigue
  • weight loss (5 kg 2-3 months)
  • Abdominal pain (2 -3 weeks)
  • Iron-deficiency anaemia
  • Intestinal obstruction or perforation
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5
Q

Colorectal cancer: Pathophysiology

A

• Benign polyps of mucosal epithelium

- metastases to liver and lungs

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6
Q

Define Peptic ulcer

A

A break or ulceration in the protective mucosal lining of the lower oesophagus, stomach or duodenum

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7
Q

Name the Developmental Factors of Peptic Ulcer

A 
Helicobacter pylori (Gramnegative 
Stress, caffeine, cigarette smoking and alcohol bacterium)
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8
Q

Peptic ulcer: Pathophysiology

A
  • H. pylori bacterial infection leads to death of the mucosal epithelial cells of the stomach and duodenum
  • An inflammatory response, further destruction of mucosal lining and ulceration
  • Too little mucus coupled with too much acid production will leave the digestive tract vulnerable to acid erosion and ulceration -> gastric contents leaking out into peritoneum
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9
Q

Peptic ulcer: Clinical manifestations

A 
● dyspepsia
 ● epigastric pain
 ● heart burn
 ● nausea and vomiting (maybe blood)
 ● loss of weight
 ● eructation
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10
Q

Peptic ulcer: Diagnoses

A

● Gastroscopy and biopsy
● Barium swallow -> X-ray
● Full blood analysis - test of H. Pylori

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11
Q

Gastric ulcer: Pathophysiology

A

Antral region of the stomach

- increased mucosal permeability to H+

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12
Q

Define Stress ulcer

and 2 types

A

peptic ulcer that is related to severe illness, neural injury or systemic trauma

  • Ischaemic ulcers
  • Cushing ulcers
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13
Q

Causes of Appendicitis

and complication

A

• Obstruction, ischaemia, increased intraluminal pressure,
infection, ulceration.
• Reduced blood flow and oxygen supply, causing ulceration and infection/inflammation
Complication: peritonitis

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14
Q

What is Dysphagia?

Types?

A

difficulty swallowing
Types
- Mechanical obstructions
- Functional obstructions

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15
Q

Define Gastro-oesophageal reflux (GORD)

A

chyme from the stomach to the oesophagus

• Inflammation of the oesophagus: reflux oesophagitis

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16
Q

GORD: Clinical manifestations

A

Heartburn
regurgitation of acidic chyme
upper abdominal pain

17
Q

Define Bile salt deficiency

Note: Conjugated bile salts are synthesised from cholesterol in the liver

A

Liver disease and bile obstructions

Poor intestinal absorption of lipids

18
Q

Name Fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies

A 
Vitamin A
- Night blindness
Vitamin D
- Decreased calcium absorption, bone pain, osteoporosis, fractures
Vitamin K
- Prolonged prothrombin time, purpura and petechiae
Vitamin E
- Uncertain
19
Q

Define Coeliac disease

A

Coeliac disease is an immune-mediated, permanent intolerance to gluten
Inability to break down lactose into monosaccharides; prevents lactose digestion and monosaccharide absorption

20
Q

Functions of the liver

A
  • Detoxification (filters harmful substances from the blood, alcohol)
  • Stores vitamins A, D, K and B12
  • Protein synthesis
  • Production of biochemicals needed for digestion - bile
  • Maintains proper levels of glucose in the blood
  • Produces 80% of your body’s cholesterol
  • Glycogen storage (also converts glucose to glycogen)
  • Decomposing red blood cells
  • Synthesizing plasma protein
  • Production of hormones
  • Urea production
21
Q

Liver Function Test

A

• ALP - alkaline phosphatase
• Bilirubin- product of red cell breakdown
• Albumin - produced entirely by liver.
• INR
• ALT - alanine amintransferase - enzyme involved in the
recycling of the amino acid alanine into glucose
• AST - asparatate aminotransferase
• GGT - gamma glutamic transferase

22
Q

Acute liver failure: Clinical manifestations

A 
Prolongation of PT and INR 
Raised Liver enzyme 
Altered mental status -encephalopathy 
Elevated ammonia levels 
Jaundice due to hyperbilirubinemia

NURS 444 (7 decks)

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