Biochem final

Question 1

Major electrolytes in Plasma

Answer 1

Na: 140mmol
Cl: 100mmol
HCO3: 25 mmol
Anion Gap

Question 2

Major electrolytes in cell

Answer 2

K: 110

Proteins

Question 3

Phosphatidic acid generated by

Answer 3

PLD

Question 4

Arachidonic acid generated by

Answer 4

PLA2

Question 5

Arachidonic acid and prostaglandins role

Answer 5

key inflammatory and pain mediator

Question 6

Activation of O2 is mediated by

Answer 6

metal ions

Question 7

Reactive oxygen species are partially _____

Answer 7

reduced

Question 8

Reduction of O2

Answer 8

Superoxide–>H2O2–>OH radical

Question 9

3 ways of ROS formation

Answer 9

O2 with reactive metal
mitochondrial electron transfer reactions
enzymatic reaction

Question 10

Fenton reaction

Answer 10

Fe+2 + H2O2–>Fe+3 + OH(radical) + OH-

Question 11

Disruption of electron transfer chain generated by

Answer 11

ischemia/reperfusion

Question 12

How does ROS damage the cell membrane

Answer 12

By interacting with polyunsaturated fatty to create lipid peroxide

Question 13

Myeloperoxidase

Answer 13

Critical enzyme in killing bacteria

Question 14

Defend against radicals by

Answer 14

prevention
repair
physical barrier

Question 15

SOD

Answer 15

Superoxide dismutase

converts 2 superoxides to h2o2 and o2

Question 16

antioxidant defenses (6)

Answer 16

Superoxide dismutase: superoxide–>h2o2 + o2
Catalase: h2o2–>h2o +h2
Vit A, C, E
Glutathione

Question 17

Plasma proteins synthesized in liver (3)

Answer 17

albumin
coagulation factors
acute phase proteins

Question 18

CRP

Answer 18

C-reactive protein: critical acute phase protein that responds to inflammation or infection

Question 19

Rate limiting step of heme synthesis

Answer 19

production of 5-ALA from ScoA and Glycine

Question 20

Final state of heme synthesis

Answer 20

Ferrochelatase adds Fe+2 to protoporphyrin to form heme

Question 21

Catabolic product of heme

Answer 21

bilirubin (not soluble)

Question 22

Prehepatic jaundice caused by

Answer 22

increased bilirubin production

Question 23

Intrahepatic jaundice caused by

Answer 23

impaired hepatic uptake, conjugation, or secretion of bilirubin

Question 24

Posthepatic jaundice caused by

Answer 24

obstruction of biliary drainage

Question 25

Drug metabolism phases

Answer 25

1: addition of polar group by cytochrome p-450
2: conjugation of organic group (sulfation, acetylation, methylation)

Question 26

Calorie restriction pathway

Answer 26

calorie restriction inhibits IGF-1 which would normally activate mToR for aging
Also activates Sirt-1–>inhibits again