Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Applied Biochem > Biochem - Anticancer drugs and therapies > Flashcards

Biochem - Anticancer drugs and therapies Flashcards

Test 3

1
Q

Cancer cells reproduce without

A

reagrd to normal restraints on cell growth and divison

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cancer cells invade areas

A

normally reserved for other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

abnormal cells that grow and proliferate

A

tumors or neoplasms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

benign tumors

A

neoplastic cells that do not become invasive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

tumors become malignant (cancerous) when

A

they acquire the ability to invade surrounding tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Malignant tumors produce cells that break out of their primary sites and form tumors at other sites called

A

metastases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Risk Factors for Cancer

A

radiation exposure, UV light from sun, chemicals (carcinogens) Life style, viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

A single mutation is/is not sufficient to cause cancer.

A

is not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

__________ increase the risk of developing cancer

A

inherited mutations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Overall incidence of cancer increases with

A

age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Duration of Carcinogen exposure (increases/decreases) risk and time of cancer onset

A

increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Smoking and Cancer Risk:

A

lung cancer risk increses exponentially if you never stop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Two outcomes of cell damage scanning during the cell cycle:

A

cell cycle arrest (G0) or apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

A key mechanism in the cellular response to DNA damage is mediated by the tumor suppressor protein _____

A

p53

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

p53 directly induces the expression of the _____ gene

A

p21

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

just like p27, p21 is a

A

cell cycle inhibitor (CKI) that binds to cyclin-CDK complexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

p21 activated cyclin-CDK complexes inhibit…

A

catalytic activity and induce cell cycle arrest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Basic Strategy for treating cancer with drugs or radiation

A

induce damage to tumor cells via DNA damage to prevent them from dividing and induce apop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Side effects of Radiation and drugs:

A

equal damage to normal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Radiation Therapy: External Beam Therapy

A

uses a machine to send high energy beams from outside the body to the tumor area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Radiation: Internal Radiation Therapy

A

Radioisotope given internally, travels a short distance based on isotope energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Radiation works by: (two ways)

A

direct ionization of atoms in teh DNA chain, or indirectly by ionizaiton of water to form hydroxyl radicals that can then damage DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Radiation Therapy: Photon Therapy

A

Low energy x rays (40-250 kV) for superficial tumors such as skin canccer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Radiation Therapy: Photon Therapy (pt 2)

A

High energy X rays (1-25 MeV) generated by linear accelerators, deliverd in the form of external bean for a variety of cancers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Radiation Therapy: Photon Therapy (Gamma)

A

Gamma Rays Emitted from radioactive isotope cobalt-60 source - brain tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Charged Particle Therapy

A

particle accelerator generates high energy particles - (protons, carbon ions) have better ability to localize radiation dosage to canerous tissues - more expensive than photon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Doxorubicin hydrochloride (adriamycin) is a….

A

Anti Cancer Drug: Also called DOX

28
Q

Doxorubicin intercalates between

A

base pairs in the DNA helix, preventing DNA replication and ultimately inhibiting protein synthesis

29
Q

Doxorubicin inhibits what enzyme

A

topoisomerase II, which results in an increased and stabilized cleavable enzyme-DNA linked complex during DNA replication - prevents litigation of nucleotide strand after double strand break

30
Q

DOX also form oxygen free radicals resulting in….

A

cytotoxicity secondary to lipid peroxidation of cell membrane lipids

31
Q

Bleomycin sulfate is

A

anti cancer drug

32
Q

Bleomycin Sulfate forms complexes with iron that reduce

A

molecular oxygen to superoxde and hydroxyl radicals which cause single and double stand breaks in DNA, these reactive oxygen species also induce lipid peroxidation, carbohydrate oxidation, and alterations of prostaglandin synthesis and degradation

33
Q

Cisplastin is an…

A

anti-cancer drug

34
Q

Cisplantin is an inorfanic platinum agent with forms…

A

highly reactive charged, platinum complexes which bind to nucleophilic groups such as GC-risch sites in DNA, Inducing intrastrand and interstrand DNA crosslinks as well as protein/DNA crosslinks - which result in apoptosis

35
Q

Methotrexate is an….

A

Anti-cancer drug

36
Q

Methotrexate binds to an inhibits

A

the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase - resullts in inibition of purine nucleotide and thimidylate synthesis - inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis

37
Q

Immunotherapy

A

treatment designed to induce, enhance, or suppress the immune respose

38
Q

Most immunotherapy applicaitons stimualte:

A

a person’s own immune system to destroy cancer cells

39
Q

Types of Immunotherapy

A

checkpoint inhibitors
CAR T-cell Therapy
Cancer Vaccines
monoclonal antibodies
Cytokine Therapy
Oncolytic Virus Therapy

40
Q

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) - characterized by…

A

increased production/growth of granulocytes in the bone marrow

41
Q

CML is caused by a…

A

chromosomal translocation called Philadelphia Chromosome

42
Q

CML translocaiton causes a fusion between what two genes

A

BCR and ABL

43
Q

The Fusion protein involved in Philadelphia gene/CML is

A

tyrosine Kinase

44
Q

Long term survival of CML is

A

greater than 95%

45
Q

Parent drug for treating CML

A

gleevec (Imatinib)

46
Q

Mechanism of Gleevec

A

binds to kinase domain of BCR-ABL and stabilizes the protein in its closed, inactive, conformation, inhibiting its activity

47
Q

Treatment phases for Leukemia

A

Induction, Consolidaiton, Maintenance

48
Q

Induction

A

kill leukemia clels in blood and bone marrow - puts leukemia into remission

49
Q

Consolidaiton/Intensification Therapy

A

second phase, kill any remaining leukemia cells that may not be active but could begin to regrow and cause a relapse

50
Q

maintenance Therapy

A

kill any remaining cells that may regrow and cause a relapse - lower doses than the other phases - AKA continuation therapy

51
Q

Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML)

A

Has 8 subtypes, base upon origin, many have chromosomal translocaitons and create fusion proteins

52
Q

AML is more common in…

A

adults - rare in children

53
Q

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)

A

starts in lymphoid cells of the bone marrow

54
Q

ALL - produces too many:

A

immature lymphocytes (at expense of other types)

55
Q

ALL is most common in

A

children - between ages 2 and 5
most common childhood cancer*

56
Q

Induction phase drugs for ALL

A

Prednisone - Vincristine - Daunorubicin

57
Q

Consolidation phase drugs for ALL

A

Mercaptopurine, MTX, VP-16

58
Q

Maintenance phase drugs for ALL

A

MP, MTX, VCR

59
Q

ALL risk groups

A

AGE, and WBC Count

60
Q

A WBC count of 50,000 microliters or more at diagnosis is assoc with…

A

more aggressive disease and worse prognosis (high risk group)

61
Q

ALL in infants:

A

assoc. with gene mutations and is linked to a mroe aggressive form of the disease and poorer prognosis

62
Q

ALL in older children

A

after age 10, tend to have a higher risk of relapse and may respond lexx favorably to standard therapies compared to younger children (aged 2-5 low risk)

63
Q

Factors affecting ALL prognosis

A

age at diagnosis, gender, race, # of WBC at diagnosis, whether origin was B or T cell, chromosomal changes, Down syndrome, where leukemia has spread to, and response to initial treatment

64
Q

National Cancer institute has identified 3,000 _______ that are active against cancer cells

A

plants, 70% of these are found in the rainforest

65
Q

25% of the active ingredients in cancer fighting drugs come from organisms found only in….

A

the rainforest

Applied Biochem (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions