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Applied Biochem > Biochem - Oral Cancer and Diagnosis > Flashcards

Biochem - Oral Cancer and Diagnosis Flashcards

1
Q

Oral cancer is:

A

a subgroup of head and neck malignancies that develop at lips and intra-orally

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2
Q

Oral cancer is prevalent in low income countries like

A

Southeast asia (top 4)

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3
Q

Men are 2-3 times as likely to get ______ than women

A

oral cancer

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4
Q

Oral cancer survival rate:

A

low - 50-60% five year survival

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5
Q

Oral Cancer Symptoms:

A

Lip sore, White patches, and Red patches

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6
Q

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is about ______% of oral cancer

A

90

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7
Q

OSCC - start in

A

squamous cells, flat, thin cells of the lining of the mouth and throat.

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8
Q

OSCC is very aggressive -

A

spreads quickly to surrounding tissues

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9
Q

Survival Rates of OSCC based on diagnosis time

A

Early detection - more than 95%
Advanced Stage detection - less than 15%

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10
Q

OSCC staging: stage 1-4 based on:

A

T: tumor
N: node
M: metastasis

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11
Q

routine screening method used to identify oral mucosal lesions.

A

Visual Oral Examination (VOE)

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12
Q

heterogenous group of clinical oral lesions assoc. with an increased risk of malignant transformation

A

OPMDs (oral potentially malignant disorders)

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13
Q

OSCC is preceeded by

A

OPMDs

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14
Q

Most OPMDs do/dont become OSCC

A

dont

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15
Q

Histopathologic Diagnosis - gold standard - involves:

A

surgical removal of tissue sample, FFPE block/H&E slide prep, microscopic eval by pathologist

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16
Q

Limitations of Histopathologic Diagnosis

A

subjectivity between inter/intra observer variability, morphologiclal and structural changes of tissue, not accurate risk assessment for precancerous lesions OPMDs

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17
Q

Sensitivity

A

refers to a test’s ability to designate an individal with disease as positive

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18
Q

specificity

A

of a test is its ability to designate an individual without a disease as negative

19
Q

Vital Stains used for oral abnormalities

A

Toludine Blue, Lugol’s Iodine, Methylene Blue, Rose Bengel

20
Q

Vital Staining has:

A

Low specificity - high sensitivity

21
Q

Oral Cytology Techniques

A

oral Brush Biopsy - Fine needle aspiration biopsy - exfolliative cytology

22
Q

Oral cytology has:

A

low sensitivity

23
Q

Optical Imaging

A

autofluoresence based, chemiluminesence based, Multispectral Fluoresence and Reflectance based

24
Q

VELscope system

A

screens for alterations in oral mucosall autofluoresence - unhealthy cells remain dark, healthy cells glow blue

25
Q

VizLite Blue exam kit

A

Chemiluminescence based system - normal tissue is dark, abnormal tissue reflects

26
Q

Diagnostic compatrisons

A

oral cytology is the most sensitive and specific - vital staining and optical imaging are similar but less

27
Q

Surgical biopsy is still the __________—

A

recommended test

28
Q

Molecular Biomarkers

A

new method for clinical diagnosis - involves protein, DNA, RNA, Exosomes

29
Q

Biomarkers can be derived from

A

any kind of stuff that comes out of the human body

30
Q

Advantages of Biomarkers

A

objective, and quantitive assessment, reliable, measurable

31
Q

DNA Methylation Biomarker

A

heritable epigenetic process involving transfer of a methyl group to the C-5 position of the cytosine ring of DNA

32
Q

What enzyme methylates DNA

A

DNA methyltransferase - DNMTs

33
Q

DNA methylation plays an important role in what process?

A

gene expression

34
Q

Methylation in promoter region of tumor suppressor genes causes what?

A

silencing

35
Q

Methylation within the tumor suppressor gene itself can induce what?

A

mutations - leading to cancer

36
Q

Protein Biomarkers (2)

A

CD44, S100A7

37
Q

CD44

A

cell surface glycoprotein that is involved in many cell regulation pathways

38
Q

S100A7

A

calcium binding protein, expressed in upper well-differentiated spinous layer of normal epithelium

39
Q

Overexpression of the S100A7 is found in -

A

high risk dysplastic oral lesions linked to cancer development

40
Q

When does an ulcer become worrisome?

A

if it doesnt heal in 3 weeks

41
Q

what color patches are common in oral cancer

A

red and white

42
Q

LOC - Lab on Chip

A

unique microelectromechanical system that can be used to detect protein and RNA biomarkers

43
Q

FTIR (fourier transform infrared spectroscopy)

A

Biomolecular fingerprinting done by computerized technology and learning

Applied Biochem (13 decks)

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