BIOCHEM Flashcards
JR, a maritime engineer, Filipino, consulted with a nutritionist for his dietary prescription and meal plan because he wanted to lose weight. He is 5’9” and weighs 95 kg. What is JR’s IBW?
A. 67 kg
B. 68 kg
C. 69 kg
D. 70 kg
B
If he does light work, what is his PA?
A. 812 calories
B. 814 calories
C. 815 calories
D. 816 calories
D
If JR’s TER is 2700 calories, what is the nutrient value for carbohydrates?
A. 300 g
B. 330 g
C. 335 g
D. 340 g
C
On the day of consultation, JR ate the following for breakfast: 2 boiled eggs, 1 cup cow’s milk, and 4 slices of pan Americano. What is the total CHO, CHON, fats, and calories value of what he ate respectively?
A. 36 g – 14 g – 14 g – 322 cal
B. 70 g – 22 g – 18 g – 452 cal
C. 58 g – 22 g – 18 g – 482 cal
D. 30 g – 18 g – 14 g – 220 cal
C
2 exchanges of cooked horse radish leaves are equivalent to
A. 1⁄2 cup
B. 1 cup
C. 1.5 cups
D. 2 cups
D
A breastfeeding mother and her 1-week-old baby comes to you for help because of sore nipples. What should be the first thing you will do?
A. Observe how they breastfeed
B. Advise the mother to stop breastfeeding until her nipples heal
C. Give formula milk
D. Prescribe a pain reliever for the mother
A
A characteristic property of porphyrins is the formation of complexes with metal ions bound to which of the atom of the pyrrole rings?
A. Carbon
B. Hydrogen
C. Nitrogen
D. Oxygen
C
mother consults you about her 1-month-old baby who is exclusively breastfed and apparently well, but seems to be slow in gaining weight. Which of the following should you do first?
A. Inquire about the duration of feeding and feeding interval
B. Ask about urine and stool output of the baby
C. Evaluate and observe the baby’s latch and swallowing of milk
D. All the choices are correct
E. Only 2 choices are correc
D
Acholuric jaundice is known as
A. hemolytic jaundice
B. hepatic jaundice
C. post hepatic jaundice
D. mixed hyperbilirubinemia
A
Because breastmilk is the perfect nutrition for human babies, it is recommended that mothers breastfeed their newborns exclusively for how many months?
A. 4 months
B. 6 months
C. 8 months
D. 10 months
B
Breastfeeding via direct latching may not be possible when
A. the mother needs to undergo surgery after giving birth
B. the baby is sick and needs antibiotics but is able to suckle
C. both choices are correct
D. neither of the choices are correct
C
During protein synthesis, which of the following reads information in mRNA & transcribes the amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain?
A. Messenger RNA
B. Transfer RNA
C. Ribosomal RNA
D. Heterogeneous nuclear RNA
B
Which vitamin is correct paired with the metabolic process and its associated function?
A. Biotin – beta-oxidation
B. Ascorbic acid – lipogenesis
C. Thiamin – pentose phosphate pathway
D. Pantothenic acid - gluconeogenesis
C
Globin synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm of which of the following cells?
A. Erythroblast and normoblast
B. Normoblast and reticulocyte
C. Erythroblast and reticulocyte
D. Erythroblast and erythrocyte
B (chatgpt)
How does the mismatch repair system distinguish between the parental (i.e. correct) DNA strand and the newly synthesized strand containing the mismatched base?
A. Guanine in the new strand of the helix is methylated at GATC
B. Thymine in the new strand of the helix is methylated at GATC
C. Guanine in the parental strand of the helix is methylated at GATC
D. Thymine in the parental strand of the helix is methylated at GATC
B
Impaired glucuronyl transferase activity is observed in all of the following conditions, EXCEPT
A. physiologic jaundice of the newborn
B. Criggler-Najjar syndrome
C. Gilbert syndrome
D. Dubin-Johnson syndrome
A
Normally, when there is high iron concentration in the blood, which of the following is correct?
A. Iron is stored as ferritin
B. Hepcidin destroys ferroportin
C. Transferrin transports iron in ferrous form
D. Ferroportin releases iron in ferric form
B
The following are similarities between replication & transcription, EXCEPT
A. same direction of elongation
B. both make use of an RNA primer
C. direction of synthesis are the same
D. phases are similar in terms of initiation and elongation
B
The highest concentration of immunoglobulins found in colostrum is noted during the first 24 hours after delivery, hence breastfeeding should be initiated as soon as possible after birth. What immunoglobulin is highest in breastmilk?
A. IgG
B. IgM
C. IgA
D. All have the same concentration at any given time
C
The mother of your 24-hour-old newborn is worried that she doesn’t have breastmilk. What should you do?
A. Ask the mother to pump milk in between her baby’s feedings
B. Reassure the mother that she has milk and her baby’s stomach capacity is just about 5-7 ml
C. Give formula milk while the mother waits for her milk to “come in”
D. Give IV fluids to prevent dehydration
B
The mother of your term newborn patient expired due to birth complications. Your first choice for your patient’s nutrition would be
A. donated fresh expressed breastmilk
B. pasteurized breastmilk
C. formula milk
D. all of the choices given
A
This enzyme is involved in DNA repair
A. Polymerase alpha
B. Polymerase beta
C. Polymerase delta
D. DNA polymerase epsilon
B
The lipid-insoluble vitamin is not strictly a vitamin since it can be synthesized in the body:
A. Vitamin
B. Vitamin D
C. Niacin
D. Thiamin
B
Vitamin A deficiency initially presents with
A. night blindness
B. xerophthalmia
C. impaired immune response
D. loss of sensitivity to green light
D
What is the name of the DNA repair system in E. coli in which dual incisions are made in the damaged part of the double helix, and a 12-13 base segment is removed and replaced with new DNA?
A. Mismatch repair
B. ATP site repair
C. Base-excision repair
D. Nucleotide-excision repair
D
What is the primary action of methotrexate, a chemotherapeutic agent?
A. Displaces cells of folate
B. Inhibits synthesis of nucleotides
C. Inhibits cellular kinase activity
D. Inhibits phosphorylation of free bases
B
What will you teach to the mother of a 2-month-old patient who will be going back to work and wants to continue breastfeeding her baby every day?
A. She can pump milk while at the office if she feels like to
B. She has to express her breastmilk in their office’s comfort room
C. She can express milk around 40 minutes in an 8- hour shift
D. Store expressed breastmilk in a 2-door ref which lasts for a month
C
Which cellular process is inhibited by the toxin of Amanita palloides, a deadly mushroom?
A. Cell division
B. DNA synthesis
C. RNA splicing
D. RNA synthesis
D
Which form of vitamin K is endogenous to the human intestine?
A. Menadione
B. Phylloquinone
C. Menaquinone
D. Phytomenadione
C
Which of the following BEST describes Okazaki fragments?
A. Fragments of DNA attached to an inhibitor component
B. Fragments of DNA that are copied in direction away from replication fork
C. Fragments of continuous DNA which eventually are joined to form DNA
D. Synthesized from 5’ to 3’ & proceeds in same direction as replication fork
B
Which of the following brings about the control of hemoglobin synthesis?
A. Heme
B. ALA synthase
C. Heme synthase
D. Globin
B
Which of the following can have a negative effect on the volume of milk a mother can produce if not addressed appropriately?
A. Maternal weight
B. Infant’s birth weight
C. Giving infant formula
D. Maternal caloric intake
C
Which of the following directs the polypeptide’s ultimate destination in the cell?
A. Codons
B. Small peptides
C. Molecular chaperones
D. Signal recognition particles
D
Which of the following increases iron absorption?
A. Calcium
B. Coffee
C. Vitamin C
D. Gastrectomy
C
Which of the following is a ferrireductase found at the apical surface of enterocytes?
A. Ferroportin
B. DCYTB
C. Hepcidin
D. Ceruloplasmin
B
Which of the following is included as a step to successful breastfeeding?
A. Train the nurses only in breastfeeding skills necessary to implement the hospital’s breastfeeding policy
B. Help mothers initiate breastfeeding within 24 hours after birth
C. Practice rooming-in
D. Allow the use of artificial teats and pacifiers
C
Which of the following is NOT found in transfer RNA?
A. Unique bases
B. Codon
C. Amino acid arm
D. Enzyme recognition site
B
Which of the following phrase is correct with the iron state when this is transported through the blood?
A. Iron must be in ferric form always
B. Ferrous iron can also be transported
C. All the choices are correct
D. None of the choices are correct
A
Which of the following reactions is required for proofreading (i.e. correcting replication errors) during DNA replication by DNA polymerase III?
A. 3’-5’ exonuclease activity
B. 3’-5’ endonuclease activity
C. 5’-3’ exonuclease activity
D. 5’-3’ endonuclease activity
A
Which of the following vitamin, when deficient, may lead to hemolytic anemia?
A. B6
B. B12
C. E
D. K
C
Which of these constitute the second level of organization of DNA?
A. Nucleosome
B. Double helix DNA
C. Chromosome
D. Condensed metaphase chromosome
A
Which of these is a function of nonsense codons?
A. They base pair with the anticodons
B. They code for non-essential amino acids
C. They may be used in the cell as termination signals
D. They are responsible for degeneracy of the genetic code
C
Which of these is NOT a core histone involved in the packing of DNA?
A. H1
B. H2A
C. H3
D. H4
A
Which of these minerals can be found in enzymes as a prosthetic group?
A. Iodine
B. Selenium
C. Calcium
D. Magnesium
B
Which of these minerals serve/s as prosthetic groups in enzymes?
A. Cobalt and chromium
B. Copper and cobalt
C. Chromium and copper
D. Calcium and chromium
B
Which of these statements is true regarding ascorbic acid?
A. Enhances absorption of iron
B. Intake > 100 mg/day causes toxic syndromes
C. Deficiency states include dermatitis and diarrhea
D. Proven to prevent the common cold when given in high doses
A
Which phase of protein synthesis does the release of newly synthesized polypeptide take place?
A. Initiation
B. Release
C. Elongation
D. Termination
D
Which types of porphyrins are more abundant and are important?
A. Types I and II
B. Types II and III
C. Types I and III
C
Which vitamin – deficiency state is correctly paired?
A. Vitamin B6 – impaired wound healing
B. Vitamin D – impaired blood clotting
C. Vitamin B12 – synthesis of coenzyme A
D. Vitamin E – hemolytic anemia
D
Which vitamin B is functionally associated with glycogenolysis?
A. B1
B. B2
C. B6
D. B12
C
Which of the following are the most abundant free amino acid in plasma?
I. Alanine
II. Glutamine
III. Glycine
IV. Tyrosine
A. I and III
B. II and IV
C. I and II
D. III and IV
A
Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct regarding the biosynthesis of triacylglycerols?
I. Both glycerol and fatty acids must be activated by ATP before they can be incorporated into acylglycerols
II. Glycerol kinase catalyzes the activation of glycerol to triacylglycerol-3-phosphate
III. In muscle or adipose tissue, most of the glycerol-3-phosphate is formed from dihydroxyacetone phosphate by glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
IV. 1,2-diacylglycerol phosphate is considered as the common precursor in the biosynthesis of triacylglycerol and phosphoglycerol
A. I and III only
B. II and IV only
C. I, II, and III
D. I, II, III, and IV
A
For this item, arrange the steps of the biosynthesis of cholesterol in the correct order.
(1) Formation of isoprenoid units from mevalonate by loss of CO2
(2) Biosynthesis of mevalonate from acetyl-CoA
(3) Cyclization of squalene gives rise to lanosterol
(4) Condensation of six isoprenoid units forms squalene
A. 4,2,3,1
B. 2,1,4,3
C. 2,4,1,3
D. 3,2,1,4
B
End product in the catabolism of serine is
A. alpha-ketoglutarate
B. pyruvate
C. acetyl-CoA
D. glycine
D
A 30-year-old woman complains of fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance. She is diagnosed to have hypothyroidism (low level of thyroid hormones). Which of the following is a precursor of thyroid hormone?
A. Glutamine
B. Tryptophan
C. Tyrosine
D. Threonine
C
A 5-year-old child develops convulsions (seizures). After running some tests, the neurologist determines that he has epilepsy. He is then given benzodiazepine which promotes the activity of GABA. GABA is derived from glutamate by which of the following reactions?
A. Transamination
B. Decarboxylation
C. Deamination
D. Hydroxylation
B
A couple of African-American descent gives birth to a boy after an otherwise uneventful pregnancy. The infant is exceptionally fair skinned and has almost white hair. A postnatal screen will most likely reveal a deficiency of
A. tyrosine hydroxylase
B. tyrosinase
C. methionine synthase
D. cystathione-β-synthase
B
Among the statements presented, which is FALSE?
A. All products in amino acid catabolic pathway enter the citric acid cycle
B. Pyruvate can be a product of amino acid catabolism
C. Carbon skeletons can be diverted in ketogenesis but not gluconeogenesis
D. Transamination to urea is freely reversible
C
Apo E, via LDL receptor and the LRP, mediates
A. receptor-mediated endocytosis of chylomicrons in the liver
B. hydrolysis and metabolism of cholesteryl esters and triacylglycerols
C. both choices are correct
D. neither of the choices are correct
C (chatgpt)
In anaerobic conditions, glycolysis can produce a total of how many ATP per mol of glucose?
A. 4
B. 3
C. 2
D. 1
C
In mammalian tissue serine can be a biosynthetic precursor for which amino acid?
A. Methionine
B. Glycine
C. Arginine
D. Lysine
B
In the liver, what is considered as the most important activator of PFK-2 that controls the flux between the opposing pathways of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?
A. Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
B. Bisphosphoglycerate
C. Glucose-6-phosphate
D. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
A
Problems with the acidic amino acid transport system which transports glutamic acid and aspartic acid can cause which of the following genetic disease?
A. Joseph syndrome
B. Cystinuria
C. Hartnup disease
D. Dicarboxylic aminoaciduria
D
S-adenosyl methionine is required for the synthesis of which of the following compounds?
A. Thyroid hormone
B. Epinephrine
C. Serotonin
D. Bile salts
B
The branching enzyme is essentially a
A. transferase
B. lyase
C. ligase
D. hydrolase
A
The debranching enzyme functions as which type of enzyme?
A. Transferase and lyase
B. Hydrolase and ligase
C. Transferase and hydrolase
D. Ligase and isomerase
C
These unsaturated fatty acids comprise lipoxins:
A. Polyunsaturated
B. Eicosanoids
C. Monounsaturated
D. A and B
B
This is the vehicle of uptake of cholesterol and cholesteryl esters into many tissues:
A. Total cholesterol
B. HDL
C. LDL
D. VLDL
C
Tissue-specific differences in the allosteric effectors reflect different function of glycolysis in various tissues. In tissues when ATP synthesis is the major function, PFK-1 is inhibited by _____ and activated by _____.
A. ATP; AMP
B. AMP; ATP
C. NADH; NAD
D. NAD; NADH
A
Triglycerides are esters of which of the following?
A. Fatty acids and oxygen atom
B. Glycerol and fatty acids
C. Carbon atom and fatty acids
D. Glycerol and cholesterol
B
Uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP-Glc) is an active form of glucose wherein its formation is highly favoured due to the activity of which enzyme?
A. Phosphoglucomutase
B. Pyrophosphatese
C. Pyrophosphorylase
D. Phosphorylase
B
Von Gierke’s disease causes hyperuricemia due to the accumulation of which of the following products in the glycogenolysis pathway?
A. Limit dextrins
B. UDP-glucose
C. Glucose-5-phosphate (G6P)
D. Glucose
C
What is the end product of glycogenolysis in the liver?
A. Glucose
B. Glucose-6-phosphate
C. Glucose-1-phosphate
D. Glucagon
A
What is the final product of nitrogen catabolism?
A. Ornithine
B. Nitrous oxide
C. Urea
D. Ammonia
C
What is the protein involved in the formation of lipid droplets in adipocytes, and inhibits lipolysis in basal conditions by preventing access of the lipase enzymes to the stored TAGs?
A. Ghrelin
B. Leptin
C. Insulin
D. Perilipin
D
What kind of reaction is produced when pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes a reaction to convert pyruvate into acetyl CoA?
A. Oxidative dephosphorylation
B. Oxidative decarboxylation
C. Hydrolysis
D. Phosphorolysis
B
What specific phospholipase is found in pancreatic fluid and snake venom as well as in many types of cells?
A. Phospholipase A1
B. Phospholipase A2
C. Phospholipase C
D. Phospholipase D
B
What unsaturated fatty acid occurs in oil of evening primrose?
A. Linolenic
B. Linoleic
C. Oleic
D. Timnodonic acid
A
