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Biology 100 > bio_unit_2_20190108175855 > Flashcards

bio_unit_2_20190108175855 Flashcards

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1
Q

Shorter wave length

A

high energy light

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2
Q

Longer wave length

A

lower energy light

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3
Q

energy packets

A

photons

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4
Q

primary photosynthetic pigment

A

chlorophyll

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5
Q

highest concentration of chloroplasts

A

mesophyll

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6
Q

opening for gas exchange on the underside of leaf where co2 enters and o2 and h2o exit.

A

stoma

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7
Q

membranous disk inside mesophyll

A

thylakoid

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8
Q

stack of thylakoids

A

granum

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9
Q

thick fluid within chloroplasts

A

stroma

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10
Q

where is chlorophyl located in mesophyll

A

inside thylakoid

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11
Q

what color is reflected by leaves

A

green

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12
Q

one way and carries water one way up, no end walls

A

xylem

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13
Q

carries food through plant, two ways, end walls with perforations

A

pholem

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14
Q

cohesion tension mechanism allows water to travel upwards from root

A

xylem

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15
Q

normal loss of water through open stomata, adhesion and cohesion

A

transpiration

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16
Q

allows transport of food throughout plant

A

pressure flow mechanism

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17
Q

have an outer and inner membrane (double membrane)

A

chloroplast

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18
Q

how many essential elements for plants?

A

17

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19
Q

how to plants obtain C, H, O

A

air and water

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20
Q

how do plants obtain inorganic nutrients

A

fertilizers

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21
Q

moves sugar and water to root

A

source cell

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22
Q

returns water back to stem

A

sink cell

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23
Q

Power that can be used to do work

A

energy

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24
Q

Heat energy

A

thermal

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25
Q

bond energy

A

chemical

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26
Q

sun energy

A

radiant

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27
Q

energy of motion

A

kinetic

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28
Q

Chemical reactions to make or break bonds

A

metabolism

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29
Q

female basal metabolic rate

A

1500

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30
Q

male basal metabolic rate

A

1700

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31
Q

1 kilo calorie = ___ food calorie

A

one

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32
Q

what % of basal metabolic rate supports the brain?

A

19%

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33
Q

why do males have higher Basal metabolic rate?

A

more muscle mass

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34
Q

Additional energy requirements are

A

20% physical activity and 10% digestion

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35
Q

ultimate source of energy for living systems on earth

A

the sun

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36
Q

organisms that use photosynthesis to capture energy

A

producers

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37
Q

must consume a producer (or another consumer to transfer chemical energy.

A

consumers

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38
Q

energy from the sun is used to rearrange co2 and h2o molecules to release oxygen

A

photosynthesis

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39
Q

o2 is consumed and is broken down to co2 and h2o and cell captures energy released in ATP

A

cellular respiration

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40
Q

photosynthesis produces organic molecules and o2 and cellular respiration uses o2 and organic molecules to produce ATP and h2o and co2 are recycled back into ecosystem

A

true

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41
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate

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42
Q

how does ATP basic structure make it ideal as energy molecule

A

three negatively charged tails repel each other like a spring

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43
Q

ATP hydrolysis breaks down for work energy into

A

ADP + P

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44
Q

ADP+P plus energy from cellular respiration makes

A

ATP

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45
Q

Cellular respiration equation

A

1 glucose + 6 oxygen molecules = 6 co2 + 6 h2o + 32 ATP + heat

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46
Q

what molecule must be present for cellular respiration to occur?

A

glucose

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47
Q

3 stages of cellular respiration?

A

glycosis, pyruvate conversion and citric acid cycle, Electron transport chain

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48
Q

how many ATP produced in stage 1 glycosis

A

4 ATP

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49
Q

how many ATP are produced in Stage 2

A

2 ATP

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50
Q

How many ATP produced in stage 3 ETC

A

28

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51
Q

ATP overall

A

32 ATP

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52
Q

Where does glycosis occur?

A

cytosol / cytoplasm

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53
Q

what organisms can perform glycosis

A

all

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54
Q

starting molecule glycosis

A

1 glucose

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55
Q

ATP usage in glycosis

A

2 ATP

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56
Q

ATP production in glycosis

A

4 ATP

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57
Q

how many electron carriers? (NADH) in glycosis

A

2 NADH

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58
Q

Ending products from glycosis?

A

2 ATP and 2 Pyruvate

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59
Q

where does pyruvate conversion take place

A

mitochondrial matrix

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60
Q

what types of organisms

A

animals

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61
Q

pyruvate conversion starting molecules?

A

2 pyruvate

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62
Q

is any ATP produced in pyruvate conversion

A

no

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63
Q

NADH produced in pyruvate conversion

A

2 NADH

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64
Q

pyruvate conversion end products

A

2 Acetyl-CoA

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65
Q

Citric acid cycle starting molecule

A

2 Acetyl Coa

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66
Q

ATP production per cycle

A

1 ATP

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67
Q

ATP production per glucose

A

2 ATP

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68
Q

NADH per cycle

A

3 NADH

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69
Q

FADH2 per cycle

A

1 FADH2

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70
Q

NADH per glucose

A

6 NADH

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71
Q

FADH2 per glucose

A

2 FADH2

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72
Q

where is ETC?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

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73
Q

what molecules participate in ETC

A

NADH FADH2

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74
Q

which enters first NADH or FADH2

A

NADH

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75
Q

which enters second

A

FADH2

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76
Q

what is the the final electron acceptor and what molecule is produced?

A

oxygen and h2o is produced

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77
Q

where is H+ pumped during ETC

A

inter membrane space

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78
Q

what molecule is H+ used to produce

A

ATP synthase

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79
Q

what molecule is not present in fermentation?

A

oxygen

80
Q

aerobic

A

with oxygen

81
Q

anaerobic

A

without oxygen

82
Q

what organisms use lactic acid fermentation

A

muscle cells and bacteria

83
Q

what causes lactic fermentation

A

when need for ATP outpaces delivery of oxygen. oxygen debt

84
Q

what stages are used in lactic acid fermentation?

A

glycosis and ETC

85
Q

starting molecule for lactic acid fermentation?

A

glucose

86
Q

how much ATP is produced in lactic acid fermentation

A

2 ATP

87
Q

where do light reactions occur in photosynthesis

A

thylakoid membranes

88
Q

required inputs for photosynthesis

A

h2o, co2 and sun

89
Q

outputs from photosynthesis

A

o2 and sugar

90
Q

where does calvin cycle occur

A

stroma

91
Q

co2 combines with RuBP

A

carbon fixation

92
Q

two chemical reactions produce 6 molecules of G3P

A

reduction

93
Q

ATP rearrange the 5 ATP molecules to make 3 RuBP molecules

A

regeneration

94
Q

how many co2 are required for 1 G3P

A

3

95
Q

how many co2 are required to generate one glucose

A

6

96
Q

what else can G3P be used to make

A

RuBP

97
Q

uses co2 to generate o2

A

calvin cycle

98
Q

uses o2 to generate co2

A

photorespiration

99
Q

addition of electrons

A

reduction

100
Q

electron carriers in photosynthesis

A

NADPH

101
Q

what does C3 refer to

A

stable 3C molecule

102
Q

C3 plant climate

A

temperate

103
Q

o2 builds up in C3 and started adding o2 to RuBP instead of co2, RuBP is not regenerated; inefficient

A

photorespiration

104
Q

what time of day is C3

A

during day

105
Q

what does C4 refer to

A

co2 into 4 carbon compound

106
Q

C4 climate

A

dryer and warmer conditions

107
Q

c4 examples

A

corn and grass, sugar cane

108
Q

where does calvin cycle occur in c4 and when

A

bundle sheath during day

109
Q

what climate is CAM

A

hot dry arid

110
Q

when and where does calvin cycle occur in CAM

A

at night in mesophyll to conserve water

111
Q

What food molecules generate ATP?

A

Carbs, Fats, Proteins

112
Q

Which food molecules are most commonly utilized for energy?

A

Carbs and fats

113
Q

Which class of organic molecule is used as a last resort?

A

proteins

114
Q

Food taken from surrounding medium

A

food taken from surrounding medium

115
Q

obtain food from the substrate they live in or on

A

substrate eaters

116
Q

suck fluid for food

A

fluid eaters

117
Q

food brought in as large chunks that require further digesting

A

bulk feeders

118
Q

Primarily using enzymes and acids

A

digestion

119
Q

act of eating

A

ingestion

120
Q

breakdown of food into molecules small enough to absorb

A

digestion

121
Q

required for proper body functions and obtained through diet

A

essential nutrients

122
Q

organic nutrients

A

vitamins

123
Q

water soluble vitamins

A

B and C

124
Q

lipid soluble vitamins

A

ADEK

125
Q

inorganic molecules

A

minerals

126
Q

where do essential fatty acids come from

A

plant sources

127
Q

how many amino acids are there

A

20

128
Q

how many amino acids occur naturally in our body

A

12

129
Q

where do the last 8 amino acids come from that done naturally occur in our bodies

A

animal sources

130
Q

How is a food vacuole created?

A

A cell engulfs food through phagocytosis and fuses with lysosomes

131
Q

How is food digested by a food vacuole

A

enzymes from lysosome

132
Q

What animal digests food exclusively through food vacuole.

A

sponges

133
Q

single entrance for food and exit for waste

A

gastrovascular activity

134
Q

what types of animals have gastrovascular cavities

A

simple body plans, cnidarians and flat worms, hydras

135
Q

Compartments of alimentary canal

A

Pharynx, esophagus, crop, stomach, gizzard, intestines, anus

136
Q

ingest and chew foodr

A

oral cavity

137
Q

alternating waves of contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles that move food

A

peristalsis

138
Q

regulate passage of food in and out of stomach

A

sphincters

139
Q

pouch like extension of esophagus

A

crop

140
Q

types of animals that have a crop

A

birds and grasshoppers

141
Q

what compartment of alimentary canal does most absorption occur

A

small intestine

142
Q

allows for elimination of waste

A

rectum

143
Q

muscular walled extension of stomach

A

gizzard

144
Q

purpose of gizzard

A

additional digestion and grinding

145
Q

larger stomachs

A

carnivores

146
Q

Longer intestine lenths

A

herbivores and omnivores relative to body size because plants cells have cell walls and take longer to digest

147
Q

herbivore mammals such as cattle, sheep, deer

A

ruminant

148
Q

ruminant variations

A

4 chambers in stop

149
Q

ball of food shaped by toungue; processed food

A

Bolus

150
Q

circular muscles that regulate passage along the digestive tract

A

sphincters

151
Q

mechanical digestion

A

mouth

152
Q

pH of gastric juice

A

pH 2

153
Q

protein digesting eznzymes, mucous, Hydrochloric acid

A

gastric juice

154
Q

gastric juice and bolus

A

chyme

155
Q

major digestion of carbs, proteins, nucleic acids, and fats

A

small intestine

156
Q

first segment of small intestine

A

duodenum

157
Q

middle segment of small intestine

A

jejenum

158
Q

last segment os small intestine

A

ileum

159
Q

organ that produces bile

A

liver

160
Q

stores and concentrates bile

A

gallbladder

161
Q

chemical that breaks fats down into droplets

A

bile

162
Q

an alkaline solutions that neutralizes chyme as it enters small intesting

A

pancreatic juice

163
Q

organ that secretes buffers to neutralize chyme

A

pancreas

164
Q

how many essential elements for plants

A

17

165
Q

Plants require large amounts of these elements; 9 of them

A

macronutrients

166
Q

plants require small quantities of these elements; 8 of them

A

micronutrients

167
Q

How are C, H, O obtained by plants

A

photosynthesis, air

168
Q

how are inorganic nutrients obtained by a plant

A

fertilizers in the soil.

169
Q

What does a xylem carry

A

water from roots up the plant

170
Q

what mechanism is used by xylem to transport water and minerals

A

cohesion-tension mechanism

171
Q

movement of water out of leaves and into the air through stomata

A

transpiration

172
Q

what does a pholem carry

A

products of photosynthesis to wherever they are needed

173
Q

what direction does a pholem flow

A

source to sink

174
Q

mechanism for transport in pholem

A

pressure flow mechanism

175
Q

what process drives gas exchange

A

respiration

176
Q

what characteristic is required for respiratory surfaces?

A

must be moist

177
Q

3 phases of gas exhange

A
  1. breathing, 2. transport 3. gas exchange
178
Q

animals that breathe through skin

A

earthworms

179
Q

animals that breathe through gils

A

aquatic animals

180
Q

air tubes that extend throughout the body

A

tracheal system

181
Q

animals with tracheal system

A

insects

182
Q

animals with lungs

A

vertebraes

183
Q

For acquiring nutrients, exchanging gases and disposal of waste.

A

circulatory system

184
Q

gastrovascular cavity

A

jellyfish coral flatworms

185
Q

are gases moved by an open circulatory system

A

no

186
Q

animals with open circulatory systems

A

invertabraes

187
Q

blood vs interstitial fluid

A

blood is confined to vessels

188
Q

animals with single loop circulation

A

fish

189
Q

animals with 3 chamber hearts

A

turtles snakes lizards

190
Q

animals with 4 chamber hearts

A

birds and mammals

191
Q

Where does glycosis occur?

A

cytosol / cytoplasm

192
Q

what organisms can perform glycosis

A

all

193
Q

starting molecule glycosis

A

1 glucose

194
Q

ATP usage in glycosis

A

2 ATP

195
Q

ATP production in glycosis

A

4 ATP

196
Q

how many electron carriers? (NADH) in glycosis

A

2 NADH

197
Q

Ending products from glycosis?

A

2 ATP and 2 Pyruvate

Biology 100 (7 decks)

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