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Biology 100 > bio_final_20190108165543 > Flashcards

bio_final_20190108165543 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What domain do protists and fungi belong to?

A

Eukarya

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2
Q

What is a protist?

A

doesnt have all features of a plant animal or fungus

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3
Q

What protist may be similar to ancestors of animal cells?

A

Choanoflagellates

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4
Q

What animal cell do protists resemble?

A

collar cells in sponges

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5
Q

What kind of environment will you most likely find protists?

A

moist if not aquatic

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6
Q

3 adaptations of that arose in protists?

A

sexual reproductionorganellesmulticellularity

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7
Q

plant like protist?

A

algae

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8
Q

fungi like protist?

A

water moldsslime molds

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9
Q

animal like protists?

A

parameciaamoeba

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10
Q

How are fungi and animals similar?

A

heterotrophscell walls composed of chitin like exoskeletonsstore carbs as glycogen

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11
Q

main role of fungi?

A

major decomposers of living world

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12
Q

structures of of fungi

A

spores, hyphae, mycellium

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13
Q

what role do spores play?

A

reproductive cells

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14
Q

what is the fruiting body of the fungus

A

specialized sexual spore producing organ

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15
Q

4 phyla of fungi?

A

chytridiomyceteszygomycetesascomycetesbasidiomycetes

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16
Q

example of ascomycetes

A

dutch elm disease, chestnut blight, athletes foot, truffels and morels

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17
Q

examples of basidiomycetes

A

mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, shelf fungi, birds nest fungi

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18
Q

what is mychorrhizae?

A

mutually beneficial relationship between fungal hyphae and plant roots.

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19
Q

what are the 3 domains?

A

bacteriaarchaeaeukarya

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20
Q

what does prokaryote mean?

A

before the nucleus

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21
Q

characteristics of prokaryotes

A

Single celled organismsno nucleusno organellesDo have:DNA in ringsribosomescell membranes

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22
Q

whats is unique about archaeans?

A

look like bacteria but not as diverselive in crazy extreme environments

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23
Q

characteristics of archaea

A

no nucleusno organellescell wallmembranes allow them to live in huge fluctuations of pH and temperature

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24
Q

how do archaea reproduce?

A

binary fission

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25
Q

how do methanogens (lithtrophs) get their fuel?

A

chemical energy

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26
Q

how do halophiles (phototrophs) get their fuel?

A

the sun

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27
Q

how do thermophiles (organotrophs) get their fuel?

A

break down organic materials

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28
Q

what are cocci shape

A

sphericalalone, chains, or clustered

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29
Q

what are bacilli shape

A

rod single or chains

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30
Q

what is biofilm?

A

organized colonies of one or several species attached to a surface such as rock or living tissue

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31
Q

how do bacteria reproduce

A

binary fission

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32
Q

how do bacteria transfer DNA between cells?

A

tranformationtransductionconjugation

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33
Q

transformation DNA transfer

A

dead bacteria release DNA into environment that may be taken up by other bacteria and intergrated

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34
Q

transduction DNA transfer

A

bacteriophage infects bacteria and transfers it to another bacteria

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35
Q

conjugation DNA transfer

A

physical connection by sex pilus

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36
Q

Plasmid DNA transfer

A

plasmid can be duplicated and transferred to a new bacteria

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37
Q

endosymbiosis

A

one species lives inside a host species

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38
Q

why arent viruses alive?

A

no cells and cannot reproduce on their ownmust infect another cell to be alive

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39
Q

what is a bacteriophage?

A

a virus that infects and replicates in a bacteriainject their viral genome into cytoplasm

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40
Q

two phases of virus life cycle

A

lysogeniclytic

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41
Q

lysogenic cycle

A

viral DNA is inserted in bacterial chromosome and dormant for long periods

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42
Q

lytic cycle

A

viral DNA replicates using cells machinery, kills the death of host cell

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43
Q

what type of virus is HIV

A

retrovirus with an RNA genome

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44
Q

HIV characteristics

A

target immune system

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45
Q

what enzyme does HIV use

A

reverse transcriptase

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46
Q

what is a prion?

A

an infectious protein, misshapen version of a normal brain proteincluster together to disrupt brain function

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47
Q

what is a viroid?

A

small circular RNA molecules that can infect plants

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48
Q

Plant adaptations to succeed on land

A

stomata, leaves, cuticle, vascular system, lignin, roots

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49
Q

bryophyte improvements

A

stomata and cuticle

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50
Q

seedless vascular plant improvements

A

xylem and phloem allow for true roots stems and leaves

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51
Q

sporophyte

A

diploid

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52
Q

gametophyte

A

haploid

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53
Q

gymnosperm improvements

A

pollen grains produce sperm that dont need water

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54
Q

seed

A

young sporophyte packaged with enough food in tough outer coat

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55
Q

angio sperm improvementes

A

flowers and fruits help disperse pollen and seeds

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56
Q

xylem

A

transports water and minerals

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57
Q

phloem

A

transports nutrients, sugars and horomones

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58
Q

two main parts of angiosperm

A

stem and leaf

59
Q

two main parts of angiosperm leaf

A

stomata guard cell

60
Q

Animals are most likely related to what protist?

A

choanoflagellates

61
Q

what is a blastula?

A

zygote in a ball of cells

62
Q

two tissue organizations

A

true and no true

63
Q

animal that lacks true tissue

A

sponges

64
Q

no symmetry

A

asymmetrical

65
Q

plane dives into two mirror images

A

radial symmetry

66
Q

only one plane produces mirror image

A

bilateral symmetry

67
Q

uninterrupted tissue from exterior to gut

A

no coelom

68
Q

a fluid filled central cavity that usually surrounds the gut

A

coelom

69
Q

first indentation becomes the mouth

A

protostome

70
Q

first indentation becomes anus, then second is mouth

A

dueterosome

71
Q

what animal lacks digestive tract?

A

sponges

72
Q

one opening; gastrovascular cavity

A

incomplete digestive tract

73
Q

tract that has mouth and anus

A

complete digestive tract

74
Q

a division of animal body into repeated sections

A

segmentation

75
Q

benefit of segmentation?

A

adds flexibility and potential for specialization

76
Q

which animal phyla are deuterosomes?

A

chordates and and echinoderms

77
Q

which animal phyla exhibit radial symmetry?

A

cnidarians

78
Q

regulate body temperatureprotect deeper tissueexternal covering

A

integumentary

79
Q

protect/support organsblood cell formation

A

skeletal

80
Q

fast acting control systemrespond to internal and external changeactivates muscles/glands

A

nervous

81
Q

produce movementproduce heatposture

A

muscular

82
Q

-regulatory horomonesgrowthmetabolismreproduction

A

endocrine

83
Q

o2co2nutrientswaste

A

cardiovascular

84
Q

returns fluids to blood vesselscleanse bloodinvolved in immunity

A

lymphatic

85
Q

blood oxygenation

A

respiratory

86
Q

breakdown foodnutrient absorbption

A

digestive

87
Q

eliminates nitrogenous wastesmaintains acid-base balanceregulate water and electrolytes

A

urinary

88
Q

produce offspring

A

reproductive system

89
Q

components of feedback system

A

variablesensory receptorcontrol centereffector

90
Q

shuts off original stimulus or activityincludes most homeostatic control mechanisms

A

negative feedback

91
Q

increases original stimulus to push variable furtherchildbirth

A

positive feedback

92
Q

capillaries in an open system?

A

no

93
Q

where are capillaries

A

capillary beds

94
Q

what cells are capillaries made of?

A

endothelial

95
Q

how wide is a capillary?

A

one rbc

96
Q

components of blood

A

rbcwbcplateletsplasma

97
Q

types of WBCsN-L-M-E-B

A

neutrophillymphocytesmonocyteseosinophilbasophil

98
Q

4 steps of digestion

A

ingestiondigestionabsorbtionelimination

99
Q

intracellular digestion

A

food vacuole

100
Q

extracellular digestion

A

cavity

101
Q

one opening tract

A

incomplete digestive

102
Q

two opening tractone way

A

complete

103
Q

chemical and physical breakdown of food

A

digestion

104
Q

what kind of digestion occurs in the mouth

A

mechanical and chemical

105
Q

what chemical breaks down starch and turns it into maltose

A

amylase

106
Q

role of small intestine

A

absorbs nutrients

107
Q

villi and microvilli have max surface area for digestion max absorbption

A

small intestine

108
Q

emulsifying agent in digestion

A

bile

109
Q

what produces bile

A

liver

110
Q

role of gallblader

A

store bile

111
Q

pancreas products

A

enzymes and sodium bicarb

112
Q

where are carbohydrates digested

A

mouth and small intestines

113
Q

where are proteins digested

A

stomach and small intestines

114
Q

where are fats and nucleic acids digested

A

small intestines

115
Q

role of large intestine

A

receive indigestible componentsabsorb water and saltseliminate feciesproduce vitamin B and K500 different bacteria

116
Q

study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment

A

ecology

117
Q

all of earths organisms and all physical space we all inhabit

A

biosphere

118
Q

all organisms plus abiotic environment within a defined area

A

ecosystem

119
Q

interacting population that inhabit the same region

A

community

120
Q

interacting members of a single species

A

population

121
Q

biotic factors

A

animals, plants, microbes

122
Q

abiotic factors

A

rocks water air

123
Q

weather of a specific place over a relatively long time

A

climate

124
Q

short term atmospheric conditions

A

weather

125
Q

in the carbon cycle what do autotrophs use to synthesize organic molecules

A

co2

126
Q

source of co2 in carbon cycle

A

air

127
Q

geological deposits from carbon

A

limestone, coal, oil

128
Q

two ways carbon is released into atmosphere

A

burning fossil fuelsdeforestation

129
Q

amount of land and water to sustain one person

A

ecological footprint

130
Q

how is ecological footprint expressed

A

global hectares - biologically productive space

131
Q

what is ecological diversity

A

relative species abundancespecies richness

132
Q

a species more important that the others to balance an ecosystemusually a predator

A

keystone species

133
Q

food chain

A

producersprimarysecondary tertiaryqauternary

134
Q

a chemical becomes more concentrated in organisms at higher trophic levels

A

biomagnification

135
Q

3 types of biodiversity

A

speciesgeographicgenetic

136
Q

3 ways communities interact

A

predationcompetitionsymbiosis

137
Q

place where members of a population live

A

habitat

138
Q

total of all resources a species exploits for it survival, growth, and reproduction

A

niche

139
Q

types of symbiosis

A

mutualismcommensalismparasitism

140
Q

how are ways prey avoid being eaten

A

warning colorationcamoflauge

141
Q

occurs in an area where no community previously existed

A

primary succession

142
Q

occurs where a community is disturbed but not destroyed

A

secondary succession

143
Q

bring new diseasesno natural predatorsout compete natives for resourceseconomic costs to control

A

invasive species

Biology 100 (7 decks)

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