bio_final_20190108165543 Flashcards
What domain do protists and fungi belong to?
Eukarya
What is a protist?
doesnt have all features of a plant animal or fungus
What protist may be similar to ancestors of animal cells?
Choanoflagellates
What animal cell do protists resemble?
collar cells in sponges
What kind of environment will you most likely find protists?
moist if not aquatic
3 adaptations of that arose in protists?
sexual reproductionorganellesmulticellularity
plant like protist?
algae
fungi like protist?
water moldsslime molds
animal like protists?
parameciaamoeba
How are fungi and animals similar?
heterotrophscell walls composed of chitin like exoskeletonsstore carbs as glycogen
main role of fungi?
major decomposers of living world
structures of of fungi
spores, hyphae, mycellium
what role do spores play?
reproductive cells
what is the fruiting body of the fungus
specialized sexual spore producing organ
4 phyla of fungi?
chytridiomyceteszygomycetesascomycetesbasidiomycetes
example of ascomycetes
dutch elm disease, chestnut blight, athletes foot, truffels and morels
examples of basidiomycetes
mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, shelf fungi, birds nest fungi
what is mychorrhizae?
mutually beneficial relationship between fungal hyphae and plant roots.
what are the 3 domains?
bacteriaarchaeaeukarya
what does prokaryote mean?
before the nucleus
characteristics of prokaryotes
Single celled organismsno nucleusno organellesDo have:DNA in ringsribosomescell membranes
whats is unique about archaeans?
look like bacteria but not as diverselive in crazy extreme environments
characteristics of archaea
no nucleusno organellescell wallmembranes allow them to live in huge fluctuations of pH and temperature
how do archaea reproduce?
binary fission
how do methanogens (lithtrophs) get their fuel?
chemical energy
how do halophiles (phototrophs) get their fuel?
the sun
how do thermophiles (organotrophs) get their fuel?
break down organic materials
what are cocci shape
sphericalalone, chains, or clustered
what are bacilli shape
rod single or chains
what is biofilm?
organized colonies of one or several species attached to a surface such as rock or living tissue
how do bacteria reproduce
binary fission
how do bacteria transfer DNA between cells?
tranformationtransductionconjugation
transformation DNA transfer
dead bacteria release DNA into environment that may be taken up by other bacteria and intergrated
transduction DNA transfer
bacteriophage infects bacteria and transfers it to another bacteria
conjugation DNA transfer
physical connection by sex pilus
Plasmid DNA transfer
plasmid can be duplicated and transferred to a new bacteria
endosymbiosis
one species lives inside a host species
why arent viruses alive?
no cells and cannot reproduce on their ownmust infect another cell to be alive
what is a bacteriophage?
a virus that infects and replicates in a bacteriainject their viral genome into cytoplasm
two phases of virus life cycle
lysogeniclytic
lysogenic cycle
viral DNA is inserted in bacterial chromosome and dormant for long periods
lytic cycle
viral DNA replicates using cells machinery, kills the death of host cell
what type of virus is HIV
retrovirus with an RNA genome
HIV characteristics
target immune system
what enzyme does HIV use
reverse transcriptase
what is a prion?
an infectious protein, misshapen version of a normal brain proteincluster together to disrupt brain function
what is a viroid?
small circular RNA molecules that can infect plants
Plant adaptations to succeed on land
stomata, leaves, cuticle, vascular system, lignin, roots
bryophyte improvements
stomata and cuticle
seedless vascular plant improvements
xylem and phloem allow for true roots stems and leaves
sporophyte
diploid
gametophyte
haploid
gymnosperm improvements
pollen grains produce sperm that dont need water
seed
young sporophyte packaged with enough food in tough outer coat
angio sperm improvementes
flowers and fruits help disperse pollen and seeds
xylem
transports water and minerals
phloem
transports nutrients, sugars and horomones
two main parts of angiosperm
stem and leaf
two main parts of angiosperm leaf
stomata guard cell
Animals are most likely related to what protist?
choanoflagellates
what is a blastula?
zygote in a ball of cells
two tissue organizations
true and no true
animal that lacks true tissue
sponges
no symmetry
asymmetrical
plane dives into two mirror images
radial symmetry
only one plane produces mirror image
bilateral symmetry
uninterrupted tissue from exterior to gut
no coelom
a fluid filled central cavity that usually surrounds the gut
coelom
first indentation becomes the mouth
protostome
first indentation becomes anus, then second is mouth
dueterosome
what animal lacks digestive tract?
sponges
one opening; gastrovascular cavity
incomplete digestive tract
tract that has mouth and anus
complete digestive tract
a division of animal body into repeated sections
segmentation
benefit of segmentation?
adds flexibility and potential for specialization
which animal phyla are deuterosomes?
chordates and and echinoderms
which animal phyla exhibit radial symmetry?
cnidarians
regulate body temperatureprotect deeper tissueexternal covering
integumentary
protect/support organsblood cell formation
skeletal
fast acting control systemrespond to internal and external changeactivates muscles/glands
nervous
produce movementproduce heatposture
muscular
-regulatory horomonesgrowthmetabolismreproduction
endocrine
o2co2nutrientswaste
cardiovascular
returns fluids to blood vesselscleanse bloodinvolved in immunity
lymphatic
blood oxygenation
respiratory
breakdown foodnutrient absorbption
digestive
eliminates nitrogenous wastesmaintains acid-base balanceregulate water and electrolytes
urinary
produce offspring
reproductive system
components of feedback system
variablesensory receptorcontrol centereffector
shuts off original stimulus or activityincludes most homeostatic control mechanisms
negative feedback
increases original stimulus to push variable furtherchildbirth
positive feedback
capillaries in an open system?
no
where are capillaries
capillary beds
what cells are capillaries made of?
endothelial
how wide is a capillary?
one rbc
components of blood
rbcwbcplateletsplasma
types of WBCsN-L-M-E-B
neutrophillymphocytesmonocyteseosinophilbasophil
4 steps of digestion
ingestiondigestionabsorbtionelimination
intracellular digestion
food vacuole
extracellular digestion
cavity
one opening tract
incomplete digestive
two opening tractone way
complete
chemical and physical breakdown of food
digestion
what kind of digestion occurs in the mouth
mechanical and chemical
what chemical breaks down starch and turns it into maltose
amylase
role of small intestine
absorbs nutrients
villi and microvilli have max surface area for digestion max absorbption
small intestine
emulsifying agent in digestion
bile
what produces bile
liver
role of gallblader
store bile
pancreas products
enzymes and sodium bicarb
where are carbohydrates digested
mouth and small intestines
where are proteins digested
stomach and small intestines
where are fats and nucleic acids digested
small intestines
role of large intestine
receive indigestible componentsabsorb water and saltseliminate feciesproduce vitamin B and K500 different bacteria
study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment
ecology
all of earths organisms and all physical space we all inhabit
biosphere
all organisms plus abiotic environment within a defined area
ecosystem
interacting population that inhabit the same region
community
interacting members of a single species
population
biotic factors
animals, plants, microbes
abiotic factors
rocks water air
weather of a specific place over a relatively long time
climate
short term atmospheric conditions
weather
in the carbon cycle what do autotrophs use to synthesize organic molecules
co2
source of co2 in carbon cycle
air
geological deposits from carbon
limestone, coal, oil
two ways carbon is released into atmosphere
burning fossil fuelsdeforestation
amount of land and water to sustain one person
ecological footprint
how is ecological footprint expressed
global hectares - biologically productive space
what is ecological diversity
relative species abundancespecies richness
a species more important that the others to balance an ecosystemusually a predator
keystone species
food chain
producersprimarysecondary tertiaryqauternary
a chemical becomes more concentrated in organisms at higher trophic levels
biomagnification
3 types of biodiversity
speciesgeographicgenetic
3 ways communities interact
predationcompetitionsymbiosis
place where members of a population live
habitat
total of all resources a species exploits for it survival, growth, and reproduction
niche
types of symbiosis
mutualismcommensalismparasitism
how are ways prey avoid being eaten
warning colorationcamoflauge
occurs in an area where no community previously existed
primary succession
occurs where a community is disturbed but not destroyed
secondary succession
bring new diseasesno natural predatorsout compete natives for resourceseconomic costs to control
invasive species
