BIO2231 - Exam - Revision questions Flashcards
<p><strong><span>Which animal taxa make up the majority of animal biomass?</span></strong></p>
<ul><li>Arthropods 1Gt C</li><li>Fish 0.7 Gt C</li><li>Annelids 0.2 Gt C</li><li>Molluscs 0.2 Gt C</li><li>Livestock 0.1 Gt C</li></ul>
<p><span>BIO2231 12aa</span></p>
<p><strong><span>Three most significant animal contributors to biomass </span></strong></p>
<ul><li>Cattle</li><li>Krill</li><li>Termites</li></ul>
<p><span>BIO2231 12ab</span></p>
<p><strong><span>Key characteristics of animals?</span></strong></p>
<ul><li>Eukaryote</li><li>Multicellular</li><li>Heterotrophic</li><li>No cell wall</li></ul>
<p><span>BIO2231 12ac</span></p>
<p><strong><span>What is a blastula?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>A hollow ball of cells that forms after the eight-cell stage in development.</span></p>
<p><span>BIO2231 12ad</span></p>
<p><strong><span>What are synapomorphies?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>Characters that join species together in a clade</span></p>
<p><span>BIO2231 12ae</span></p>
<p><strong><span>What is a clade?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>Group that includes ALL descendents of a common ancestor</span></p>
<p><span>BIO2231 12af</span></p>
<p><strong><span>What are Metazoa?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>Animals</span></p>
<p><span>BIO2231 12ag</span></p>
<p><strong><span>What are parazoa?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>Animals with no true tissues extant form are phylum Porifera (sponges)</span></p>
<p><span>BIO2231 12ah</span></p>
<p><strong><span>What are eumetazoa?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>All non-Parazoa (animals that have tissues)</span></p>
<p><span>BIO2231 12ai</span></p>
<p><strong><span>What are the four major points of diversion in animal evolution?</span></strong></p>
<ul><li>Metazoa split of from protists</li><li>Parazoa-Eumetazoa spilt</li><li>Bilateria</li><li>Proto-deuterostome split</li></ul>
<p><span>BIO2231 12aj</span></p>
<p><strong><span>An Apomorphy is?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>A derived trait(trait that has arisen in a particular group)</span></p>
<p><span>BIO2231 12ak</span></p>
<p><strong><span>A Synapomorphy is?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>A trait that arose in a lineage and is shared by the members of that lineage</span></p>
<p><span>BIO2231 12al</span></p>
<p><strong><span>Autapomorphy is?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>A trait that is unique and that defines a lineage. </span></p>
<p><span>BIO2231 12am</span></p>
<p><strong><span>What is the cell aggregate level of organisation? </span></strong></p>
<p><span></span></p>
Individually viable cells co-operate e.g. sponges <br></br>Differentiated cells for particular functions<br></br>E.g. Porifera <p style="text-align:right;"><span>BIO2231 12an</span></p>
<p><strong><span>What is the cell-tissue level of organisation?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>Different cell types cooperate in tissues to do particular tasks</span></p>
E.g. Cnidaria(jellyfish) <p style="text-align:right;"><span>BIO2231 12ao</span></p>
<p><strong><span>What is the tissue-organ level of organisation?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>Specialised groupings of tissues.</span></p>
E.g. Platyhelminthes <p style="text-align:right;"><span>BIO2231 12ap</span></p>
<p><strong><span>What is the Organ-system level of organisation?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>Organs cooperate in an integrated way(annelids) </span></p>
<p><span>BIO2231 12aq</span></p>
<p><strong><span>What is the sister group to animals? </span></strong></p>
<p><span>Choanoflagelates </span></p>
<p><span>BIO2231 12ar</span></p>
<p><strong><span>How long did it take for all major phyla to appear?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>Diversification of all major phyla happened within a few million years</span></p>
<p><span>BIO2231 12as</span></p>
<p><strong><span>What system is the of classification of animals based on?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>Linnaean hierarchical system</span></p>
<p><span>BIO2231 12at</span></p>
<p><strong><span>What is mesohyl?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>Found in sponges embedded in the protein Extra-Cellular Matrix (ESM)</span></p>
<div>Not mesoderm</div>
<p><span>BIO2231 12au</span></p>
<p><strong><span>What are sponge skeletal fibres made of?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>Collagen , spongin</span></p>
<p><span>BIO2231 12av</span></p>
<p><strong><span>What is the sponge body wall composed of?</span></strong></p>
outer layer = pinacoderm <br></br>inner flagellated layer = choanoderm connective layer = mesohyl<p style="text-align:right;"><span>BIO2231 12aw</span></p>
<p><strong><span>What are the different Porifera cell types?</span></strong></p>
<p>6 points.</p>
<div><strong>Pinacoderm </strong></div>
<ul> <li>Pinacocytes = body wall cells </li> <li>Porocytes = pore lining cells</li></ul>
<div><strong>Choanoderm</strong></div>
<ul> <li>Choanocytes = flagellated cells that move water and do feeding </li></ul>
<div><strong>Mesohyl</strong></div>
<ul> <li>Archeocytes = can differentiate into other cell types </li> <li>Collencytes ,spongocytes, sclerocytes = secretory cells that produce the matrix </li> <li>Oocytes and spermatocytes = reproductive cells</li></ul>
<p><span>BIO2231 12ax</span></p>
What is the Pinacoderm?
The outer layer of the sponge
BIO2231 12ay
What is the Choanoderm?
The inner layer of the sponge
BIO2231 12az
What is the spongocoel
Cavity inside the sponge?
BIO2231 12ba
What is a sponge skeleton composed of?
Skeleton composed of coarse spongin fibres (modified collagen) and/or needle-like spicules of calcium carbonate or silicon dioxide
BIO2231 12bb
Where do sponges expel water from?
The osculum
BIO2231 12bc
What are the grades of sponges?
Syconoid – vase with folded walls
Leuconoid – many chambers (majority of sponges)
BIO2231 12bd
What generates the water current in Porifera?
Beating flagellum on choanocytes
BIO2231 12be
What is the water current in sponges used for?
- Food
- Gas exchange
- Waste removal
BIO2231 12bf
Features and grade(s) of Class Calcarea?
Calcareous spicules, Pinacoderm present
grade=asconoid,syconoid,leuconoidBIO2231 12bg
What is the Aquiferous system?
The system that draws water through sponges
BIO2231 12bh
Features and grade(s) of Class Hexactinellida?
Common name: glass sponges
- Siliceaous spicules
- Syncytial body wall
BIO2231 12bi
Features and grade(s) of Class demospongiae?
95% of sponges
grade=leuconoid
BIO2231 12bj
Features and grade(s) of Class homoscleromorpha?
grade=leuconoid
BIO2231 12bk
Where does water enter a sponge?
Ostium
BIO2231 12bl
What are the common names for the groups that make up Cnidaria?
Jellies (jelly fish)
Hydroids
BIO2231 12bm
What is Eumetazoa?
Group of animals that have true tissues and gastrulation?
BIO2231 12bn
What are cnidocytes?
Specialised cells containing nematocysts.
BIO2231 12bo
What are Nematocysts?
Nematocysts are pressurised chambers ready to fire a harpoonlike poisonous thread
BIO2231 12bp
What does dimorphic mean?
Two distinct life stages
BIO2231 12bq
What stages is the cnidarian life cycle split into?
asexual polyp (sessile) and sexual medusa (mobile)
BIO2231 12br
What is the Mesoglea?
Separation between ectoderm and endoderm but is not a form of mesoderm
BIO2231 12bs
What a cnidarian muscle cell derived from?
Cnidarian muscle cells are Epitheliomuscular cells(epidermally derived) in contrast to most other things that have mesodermally derived muscle cells
BIO2231 12bt
What are cnidaria sensory structures capable of?
2 points.
- Perceiving touch and certain chemicals
- Specialised receptors located at specific sites e.g. Primitive eyes
BIO2231 12bu
How do Nematocysts pressurise?
Water is draw into the cell through osmotic pressure creating hydrostatic presure
BIO2231 12bv
How often can Nematocysts fire?
once
BIO2231 12bw
How does cnidaria alternation of generations work?
- Sexual reproduction creates lava that forms new polyp colony
- Asexual reproduction grows colonly before making medusa that reproduce sexually
BIO2231 12bx
What classes are part of Cnidaria?
5 points.
- Class Anthozoa
- Subclass hexacorallia i.e Anemones and hard corals
- Subclass octocorallia ie horny/sof corals
- Class hydrozoa
- Class Scyphonzoa
BIO2231 12by
Which form do Anthozoa show?
Only the polyp
BIO2231 12bz
How do the polyps of hexacorallia differ from those of a hydrozoan?
Partitioned by septa (mesenteries)
Pedal disc attaches to substrate
BIO2231 12ca
What do Epithelial cells secrete in hexacorallia stony corals?
Epithelial cells secrete cuplike calcium carbonate exoskeleton around base and lower portion of column
BIO2231 12cb
What kind of skeleton do Octocorallia have?
Endoskeleton secreted in the coenenchyme
BIO2231 12cc
Benefits of a coelom?
6 points.
- Provides support for muscular action
- hydrostatic skeleton
- Facilitate increased body size
- Room for organs
- Diffusion of gases nutrients and waste
- Used for storage
BIO2231 12cd
What kind of limbs do chelicerata have?
All chelicerata have uniramous limbs
BIO2231 12ce
What defines Apterygota?
No wings
BIO2231 12cf
What defines Neoptara?
Modern winged insects wings can fold.
BIO2231 12cg
How do true bugs typically feed?
By drinking sap
BIO2231 12ch
What is pygidium?
Final segment on annelid with anus
BIO2231 12ci
