BIO2231 - Exam - Revision questions Flashcards

Question 1

Q

Which animal taxa make up the majority of animal biomass?

Answer

A

<ul><li>Arthropods 1Gt C</li><li>Fish 0.7 Gt C</li><li>Annelids 0.2 Gt C</li><li>Molluscs 0.2 Gt C</li><li>Livestock 0.1 Gt C</li></ul>

_{BIO2231 12aa}

Question 2

Q

Three most significant animal contributors to biomass

Answer

A

<ul><li>Cattle</li><li>Krill</li><li>Termites</li></ul>

_{BIO2231 12ab}

Question 3

Q

Key characteristics of animals?

Answer

A

<ul><li>Eukaryote</li><li>Multicellular</li><li>Heterotrophic</li><li>No cell wall</li></ul>

_{BIO2231 12ac}

Question 4

Q

What is a blastula?

Answer

A

A hollow ball of cells that forms after the eight-cell stage in development.

_{BIO2231 12ad}

Question 5

Q

What are synapomorphies?

Answer

A

Characters that join species together in a clade

_{BIO2231 12ae}

Question 6

Q

What is a clade?

Answer

A

Group that includes ALL descendents of a common ancestor

_{BIO2231 12af}

Question 7

Q

What are Metazoa?

Answer

A

Animals

_{BIO2231 12ag}

Question 8

Q

What are parazoa?

Answer

A

Animals with no true tissues extant form are phylum Porifera (sponges)

_{BIO2231 12ah}

Question 9

Q

What are eumetazoa?

Answer

A

All non-Parazoa (animals that have tissues)

_{BIO2231 12ai}

Question 10

Q

What are the four major points of diversion in animal evolution?

Answer

A

<ul><li>Metazoa split of from protists</li><li>Parazoa-Eumetazoa spilt</li><li>Bilateria</li><li>Proto-deuterostome split</li></ul>

_{BIO2231 12aj}

Question 11

Q

An Apomorphy is?

Answer

A

A derived trait(trait that has arisen in a particular group)

_{BIO2231 12ak}

Question 12

Q

A Synapomorphy is?

Answer

A

A trait that arose in a lineage and is shared by the members of that lineage

_{BIO2231 12al}

Question 13

Q

Autapomorphy is?

Answer

A

A trait that is unique and that defines a lineage.

_{BIO2231 12am}

Question 14

Q

What is the cell aggregate level of organisation?

Answer

A

Individually viable cells co-operate e.g. sponges Differentiated cells for particular functions E.g. Porifera _{BIO2231 12an}

Question 15

Q

What is the cell-tissue level of organisation?

Answer

A

Different cell types cooperate in tissues to do particular tasks

E.g. Cnidaria(jellyfish) _{BIO2231 12ao}

Question 16

Q

What is the tissue-organ level of organisation?

Answer

A

Specialised groupings of tissues.

E.g. Platyhelminthes _{BIO2231 12ap}

Question 17

Q

What is the Organ-system level of organisation?

Answer

A

Organs cooperate in an integrated way(annelids)

_{BIO2231 12aq}

Question 18

Q

What is the sister group to animals?

Answer

A

Choanoflagelates

_{BIO2231 12ar}

Question 19

Q

How long did it take for all major phyla to appear?

Answer

A

Diversification of all major phyla happened within a few million years

_{BIO2231 12as}

Question 20

Q

What system is the of classification of animals based on?

Answer

A

Linnaean hierarchical system

_{BIO2231 12at}

Question 21

Q

What is mesohyl?

Answer

A

Found in sponges embedded in the protein Extra-Cellular Matrix (ESM)

<div>Not mesoderm</div>

_{BIO2231 12au}

Question 22

Q

What are sponge skeletal fibres made of?

Answer

A

Collagen , spongin

_{BIO2231 12av}

Question 23

Q

What is the sponge body wall composed of?

Answer

A

outer layer = pinacoderm inner flagellated layer = choanoderm connective layer = mesohyl_{BIO2231 12aw}

Question 24

Q

What are the different Porifera cell types?

6 points.

Answer

A

<div>Pinacoderm </div>

<ul> <li>Pinacocytes = body wall cells </li> <li>Porocytes = pore lining cells</li></ul>

<div>Choanoderm</div>

<ul> <li>Choanocytes = flagellated cells that move water and do feeding </li></ul>

<div>Mesohyl</div>

<ul> <li>Archeocytes = can differentiate into other cell types </li> <li>Collencytes ,spongocytes, sclerocytes = secretory cells that produce the matrix </li> <li>Oocytes and spermatocytes = reproductive cells</li></ul>

_{BIO2231 12ax}

Question 25

Q

What is the Pinacoderm?

Answer

A

The outer layer of the sponge

_{BIO2231 12ay}

Question 26

Q

What is the Choanoderm?

Answer

A

The inner layer of the sponge

_{BIO2231 12az}

Question 27

Q

What is the spongocoel

Answer

A

Cavity inside the sponge?

_{BIO2231 12ba}

Question 28

Q

What is a sponge skeleton composed of?

Answer

A

Skeleton composed of coarse spongin fibres (modified collagen) and/or needle-like spicules of calcium carbonate or silicon dioxide

_{BIO2231 12bb}

Question 29

Q

Where do sponges expel water from?

Answer

A

The osculum

_{BIO2231 12bc}

Question 30

Q

What are the grades of sponges?

Answer

A

Asconoid – vase/pipe-shaped Syconoid – vase with folded walls Leuconoid – many chambers (majority of sponges)_{BIO2231 12bd}

Question 31

Q

What generates the water current in Porifera?

Answer

A

Beating flagellum on choanocytes

_{BIO2231 12be}

Question 32

Q

What is the water current in sponges used for?

Answer

A

<ul><li>Food</li><li>Gas exchange</li><li>Waste removal</li></ul>

_{BIO2231 12bf}

Question 33

Q

Features and grade(s) of Class Calcarea?

Answer

A

Calcareous spicules, Pinacoderm present

grade=asconoid,syconoid,leuconoid_{BIO2231 12bg}

Question 34

Q

What is the Aquiferous system?

Answer

A

The system that draws water through sponges

_{BIO2231 12bh}

Question 35

Q

Features and grade(s) of Class Hexactinellida?

Answer

A

Common name: glass sponges

<ul> <li>Siliceaous spicules</li> <li>Syncytial body wall</li></ul>

<div>grade=syconoid,leuconoid</div>

_{BIO2231 12bi}

Question 36

Q

Features and grade(s) of Class demospongiae?

Answer

A

Siliceous spicules with axial filament, Pinacoderm present leuconoid sponges, wide variety of shapes 95% of sponges grade=leuconoid_{BIO2231 12bj}

Question 37

Q

Features and grade(s) of Class homoscleromorpha?

Answer

A

Siliceous spicules without axial filament, pinacoderm with true basement membrane (incipient tissue) grade=leuconoid_{BIO2231 12bk}

Question 38

Q

Where does water enter a sponge?

Answer

A

Ostium

_{BIO2231 12bl}

Question 39

Q

What are the common names for the groups that make up Cnidaria?

Answer

A

Anemones & Corals Jellies (jelly fish) Hydroids_{BIO2231 12bm}

Question 40

Q

What is Eumetazoa?

Answer

A

Group of animals that have true tissues and gastrulation?

_{BIO2231 12bn}

Question 41

Q

What are cnidocytes?

Answer

A

Specialised cells containing nematocysts.

_{BIO2231 12bo}

Question 42

Q

What are Nematocysts?

Answer

A

Nematocysts are pressurised chambers ready to fire a harpoonlike poisonous thread

_{BIO2231 12bp}

Question 43

Q

What does dimorphic mean?

Answer

A

Two distinct life stages

_{BIO2231 12bq}

Question 44

Q

What stages is the cnidarian life cycle split into?

Answer

A

asexual polyp (sessile) and sexual medusa (mobile)

_{BIO2231 12br}

Question 45

Q

What is the Mesoglea?

Answer

A

Separation between ectoderm and endoderm but is not a form of mesoderm

_{BIO2231 12bs}

Question 46

Q

What a cnidarian muscle cell derived from?

Answer

A

Cnidarian muscle cells are Epitheliomuscular cells(epidermally derived) in contrast to most other things that have mesodermally derived muscle cells

_{BIO2231 12bt}

Question 47

Q

What are cnidaria sensory structures capable of?

2 points.

Answer

A

<ul><li>Perceiving touch and certain chemicals</li><li>Specialised receptors located at specific sites e.g. Primitive eyes</li></ul>

_{BIO2231 12bu}

Question 48

Q

How do Nematocysts pressurise?

Answer

A

Water is draw into the cell through osmotic pressure creating hydrostatic presure

_{BIO2231 12bv}

Question 49

Q

How often can Nematocysts fire?

Answer

A

once

_{BIO2231 12bw}

Question 50

Q

How does cnidaria alternation of generations work?

Answer

A

<ul><li>Sexual reproduction creates lava that forms new polyp colony</li><li>Asexual reproduction grows colonly before making medusa that reproduce sexually</li></ul>

_{BIO2231 12bx}

Question 51

Q

What classes are part of Cnidaria?

5 points.

Answer

A

<ul> <li>Class Anthozoa</li> <ul> <li>Subclass hexacorallia i.e Anemones and hard corals</li> <li>Subclass octocorallia ie horny/sof corals</li> </ul> <li>Class hydrozoa</li> <li>Class Scyphonzoa</li></ul>

_{BIO2231 12by}

Question 52

Q

Which form do Anthozoa show?

Answer

A

Only the polyp

_{BIO2231 12bz}

Question 53

Q

How do the polyps of hexacorallia differ from those of a hydrozoan?

Answer

A

mouth leads to pharynx (invagination of the body wall) then into gastrovascular cavity Partitioned by septa (mesenteries) Pedal disc attaches to substrate_{BIO2231 12ca}

Question 54

Q

What do Epithelial cells secrete in hexacorallia stony corals?

Answer

A

Epithelial cells secrete cuplike calcium carbonate exoskeleton around base and lower portion of column

_{BIO2231 12cb}

Question 55

Q

What kind of skeleton do Octocorallia have?

Answer

A

Endoskeleton secreted in the coenenchyme

_{BIO2231 12cc}

Question 56

Q

Benefits of a coelom?

6 points.

Answer

A

<ul> <li>Provides support for muscular action</li> <li>hydrostatic skeleton</li> <li>Facilitate increased body size</li> <ul> <li>Room for organs</li> <li>Diffusion of gases nutrients and waste</li> <li>Used for storage</li> </ul></ul>

_{BIO2231 12cd}

Question 57

Q

What kind of limbs do chelicerata have?

Answer

A

All chelicerata have uniramous limbs

_{BIO2231 12ce}

Question 58

Q

What defines Apterygota?

Answer

A

No wings

_{BIO2231 12cf}

Question 59

Q

What defines Neoptara?

Answer

A

Modern winged insects wings can fold.

_{BIO2231 12cg}

Question 60

Q

How do true bugs typically feed?

Answer

A

By drinking sap

_{BIO2231 12ch}

Question 61

Q

What is pygidium?

Answer

A

Final segment on annelid with anus

_{BIO2231 12ci}

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BIO2231 - Exam - Revision questions Flashcards

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