BIO2231 - Arthropoda IV - Hexapods Flashcards

Question 1

Q

Class Insecta

Subclass Pterygota

2 points.

Answer

A

<ul><li>Two pairs of wings: adult stages of almost all orders have wings </li><li>Grouped based on wing function</li></ul>

_{BIO2231 9aa}

Question 2

Q

Class Insecta: Subclass Pterygota

Infraclass Paleoptera

Answer

A

Oldest group

<div>Mayflies (Order Ephemeroptera) </div>

<div>Dragonflies (Order Odonata)</div>

<ul> <li>Wings thought to be most similar to the ancestral condition - unable to be folded</li></ul>

_{BIO2231 9ab}

Question 3

Q

Class Insecta: Subclass Pterygota

Infraclass Neoptera

Answer

A

Modern insects

<div>Everything apart fro Maflies & Dragonflies</div>

_{BIO2231 9ac}

Question 4

Q

Describe

Pterygota

5 points.

Answer

A

Neoptera - new wings

<ul> <li>Wings folded when the insect is at rest</li> <li>Includes all other orders</li> <li>Divided into two groups based on development pattern</li> <ul> <li>Hemimtabola: Polyneoptera + Condylognatha</li> <li>Holometabola: Holometabulous</li> </ul></ul>

_{BIO2231 9ad}

Question 5

Q

Infraclass Neoptera

Polyneoptera

6 points.

Answer

A

Grasshoppers, mantids, termites, earwigs, cockroaches, stoneflies

<ul> <li>2 pairs of wings</li> <li>Biting mouthparts</li> <li>Herbivores and predators</li> <li>Outside wings</li> <li>Hemimetabolous development:</li> <ul> <li>Development through a series of "nymphs" which are progressively more like the adult form</li> </ul></ul>

_{BIO2231 9ae}

Question 6

Q

Infraclass Neoptera

Condylognatha

3 points.

Answer

A

Aphids, cicada and backswimmers

<ul> <li>Piercing and sucking mouthparts</li> <li>Plant feeders / predators</li> <li>Hemimetabolous</li></ul>

_{BIO2231 9af}

Question 7

Q

Subclass Pterygota

Holometabola

3 points.

Answer

A

<ul><li>Inside wings </li><li>Holometabolous development :Larvae undergo a complete change from larva through to a pupal stage to an adult </li><li>Complete metamorphosis</li></ul>

_{BIO2231 9ag}

Question 8

Q

Examples of Holometabola

Order Lepidoptera

5 points.

Answer

A

butterflies and moths

<ul><li>Wings covered in scales </li><li>Active larvae </li><li>Modified mouthparts: proboscis </li><li>Large compound eye </li><li>Antennae present, butterflies have clubbed antennae</li></ul>

_{BIO2231 9ah}

Question 9

Q

Examples of Holometabola

Order Coleoptera

4 points.

Answer

A

Beetles

<ul><li>Two pairs of wings </li><li>Fore wings modified into protective elytra </li><li>Mandibulate mouthparts: biting & chewing </li><li>Antennae present in range of forms</li></ul>

_{BIO2231 9ai}

Question 10

Q

Examples of Holometabola

Order Diptera

5 points.

Answer

A

Flies and mosquitos

<ul><li>One pair of wings </li><li>Hind wings modified into halters </li><li>Compound eyes </li><li>Sucking and piercing mouthparts </li><li>Short simple antennae</li></ul>

_{BIO2231 9aj}

Question 11

Q

Examples of Holometabola

Order Hymenoptera

6 points.

Answer

A

Ants, bees and wasps

<ul><li>Two pairs of wings </li><li>Fore and hind wings hooked (short) </li><li>Chewing mouthparts </li><li>Compound eyes </li><li>Modified ovipositor </li><li>Sociality</li></ul>

_{BIO2231 9ak}

Question 12

Q

Insects - Incredible numbers

Arthropods

Answer

A

Make up >80% of all animal species

_{BIO2231 9al}

Question 13

Q

Insects - Incredible numbers

Hexapoda

Answer

A

Make up ~90% of arthropods

<div>> 70% of all animal species</div>

_{BIO2231 9am}

Question 14

Q

Insects - Incredible numbers

Endopterygotes

Answer

A

Make up 88% of insects

<div>> 60% of all animal species</div>

_{BIO2231 9an}

Question 15

Q

Insects - Incredible numbers

Beetles

Answer

A

Make up 45% of insects

Every third animal species is a beetle!_{BIO2231 9ao}

Question 16

Q

Insects - Incredible numbers

Ants and termites

Answer

A

Make up 33% of terrestrial animal biomass?

_{BIO2231 9ap}

Question 17

Q

Beetles

Why so successful?

3 points.

Answer

A

<ul> <li>Diversity of resources</li> <li>Resistant to predation</li> <li>Aided by plant defenses like sap, poisons</li></ul>

_{BIO2231 9aq}

Question 18

Q

Class Insecta - Features

Mouthparts

11 points.

Answer

A

<ul> <li>Complex food handling apparatus</li> <li>Implication of reduction of number of walking legs</li> <li>Many modifications of structure</li> <li>6 Head segments (head is tagmatised)</li> <ul> <li>3 Pregnathal</li> <li>3 Postgnathal</li> </ul> <li>Food handling</li> <li>Food tasting</li> <li>Cutting/sucking</li> <li>Highly modified in some groups</li> <ul> <li>Access to wide range of food types</li> </ul></ul>

_{BIO2231 9ar}

Question 19

Q

Class Insecta - Features

Locomotion

9 points.

Answer

A

<ul> <li>Fast</li> <li>Coordinated</li> <li>Versatile</li> <ul> <li>Walking</li> <li>Climbing</li> <li>Running</li> <li>Jumping</li> <li>Swimming</li> <li>etc.</li> </ul></ul>

_{BIO2231 9as}

Question 20

Q

Class Insecta - Features

Locomotion - wings

7 points.

Answer

A

<ul> <li>Flight possible via:</li> <ul> <li>Organised muscle system</li> <li>Rapid metabolic rate</li> <li>Small size</li> <li>Flexible thorax</li> <li>Complicated hinge system at wing base</li> </ul> <li>Wings linked to success on land</li></ul>

_{BIO2231 9at}

Question 21

Q

Class Insecta - Features

Nervous Systems

7 points.

Answer

A

<ul> <li>Typical arthropod system</li> <ul> <li>Segmental ganglia</li> <li>"Brain around gut"</li> <li>Supraoesophageal ganglion</li> <li>Suboesophageal ganglion</li> </ul> <li>Ganglia fusion in ventral nerve cord</li> <li>6 Neuromeres</li></ul>

<div>1: protocerebrum</div>

<div>2: deutocerebrum</div>

<div>3: tritocerebrum</div>

<div>4, 5, 6: Mouthparts</div>

_{BIO2231 9au}

Question 22

Q

Class Insecta - Features

water balance

4 points.

Answer

A

<ul> <li>Adaptations to prevent desiccation and reduced water loss from excretion</li> <li>Linked to success on land</li> <ul> <li>Waxy coating to exoskeleton (true for all arthropods)</li> <li>Malpighian tubules</li> </ul></ul>

_{BIO2231 9av}

Question 23

Q

Class Insecta - Features

Respiration

6 points.

Answer

A

<ul> <li>Network of tubes (tracheal system)</li> <ul> <li>Not as extensive in spiders</li> <li>Evolved independently in insects and spiders</li> </ul> <li>Oxygen delivered to cells</li> <li>Rapid movement (and flight)</li> <li>Linked to success on land (arthropods generally)</li></ul>

_{BIO2231 9aw}

Question 24

Q

Class Insecta - Features

constraints on body size

4 points.

Answer

A

<ul> <li>Trachea - not efficient in large bodies</li> <li>Molting</li> <ul> <li>Large crustaceans? supported by water but not so on land</li> </ul> <li>Advantages of small size</li></ul>

_{BIO2231 9ax}

Question 25

Q

Class Insecta - Features

Life cycle (metamorphosis)

4 points.

Answer

A

Related to mode of growth and exoskeleton

<ul> <li>Egg: protective stage</li> <li>Larvae: feeding and growth</li> <li>Pupae: protection for transitional stage</li> <li>Adult: reproduction, dispersal and occupation of different niche</li></ul>

_{BIO2231 9ay}

Question 26

Q

Insects - Behaviour

7 points.

Answer

A

<ul><li>Diverse life histories </li><li>Complex signalling </li><li>Specialisation </li><li>Learning </li><li>Orientation behaviour </li><li>Swarming </li><li>Social behaviours</li></ul>

_{BIO2231 9az}

Question 27

Q

Class insecta: Feeding ecology

Answer

A

<ul><li>Saprophagy </li><li>Hematophagy / parasites </li><li>Predation </li><li>Parasitoids </li><li>Phytophagy</li></ul>

_{BIO2231 9ba}

Question 28

Q

Class insecta: Feeding ecology

Saprophagy

6 points.

Answer

A

<ul> <li>Dead, decaying, organic material</li> <li>Major role in decomposition</li> <li>Plants, carrion, feces, microorganisms</li> <ul> <li>Eg. Thysanura (bristletails)</li> <li>Eg. Blattaria (Cockroaches)</li> <li>Eg. Diptera (Flies, Mosquitoes)</li> </ul></ul>

_{BIO2231 9bb}

Question 29

Q

Class insecta: Feeding ecology

Hematophagy /parasitism

6 points.

Answer

A

<ul> <li>Parasites</li> <li>Do not kill host</li> <li>Usually only one life stage</li> <ul> <li>Eg. Siphonaptera (Fleas)</li> <li>Eg. Diptera (Flies, mosquitoes)</li> <li>Eg. Phthiraptera (Sucking lice)</li> </ul></ul>

_{BIO2231 9bc}

Question 30

Q

Class insecta: Feeding ecology

Phytophagy

7 points.

Answer

A

<ul> <li>Plant tissues, pollen, nectar, etc</li> <li>Major selective pressure in plant and insect evolution</li> <li>Generalists and specialists:</li> <ul> <li>Eg. Orthoptera (grashoppers etc.)</li> <li>Eg. Hemiptera (true bugs, aphids, cicadas)</li> <li>Eg. Lepidoptera (moths)</li> <li>Eg. Coleoptera (beetles</li> </ul></ul>

_{BIO2231 9bd}

Question 31

Q

Predation/Parasitoidism

8 points.

Answer

A

<ul> <li>Predators other insects</li> <li>Hunters, stalkers</li> <li>Parasitoids: Larvae develop inside</li> <li>Major role in population control</li> <li>Often specialised</li> <ul> <li>Some Hymenoptera</li> <li>Some Diptera</li> </ul> <li>Hyperparasitoids</li></ul>

_{BIO2231 9be}

Question 32

Q

Coevolution arms race

9 points.

Answer

A

<ul> <li>Plant-insect interactions drive evolution of both taxa</li> <li>Plant defences</li> <ul> <li>Mechanical</li> <li>Chemical</li> </ul> <li>Insect response</li> <ul> <li>Special mouthparts</li> <li>Behavioral</li> <li>Detoxification, sequestration</li> </ul> <li>Host specialisation</li></ul>

_{BIO2231 9bf}

Question 33

Q

Coevolution symbiosis

5 points.

Answer

A

Flower/Insect Interaction

<ul> <li>Main pollinator species</li> <li>Flower acts as shelter, food and protection</li> <li>Significant role of insects in determining</li> <ul> <li>Flower structure</li> <li>Distribution</li> </ul></ul>

_{BIO2231 9bg}

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BIO2231 - Arthropoda IV - Hexapods Flashcards

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