Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > BIO202 EXAM 1 > Flashcards

BIO202 EXAM 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Element

A

A substance that cannot be broken down by chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Atoms

A

The smallest unit of matter that retains properties of an element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Trace elements

A

Required in minute amounts. Their lack can cause severe disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Proton mass

A

1 Dalton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Isotopes

A

Atomic forms of the same element with different number of neutrons (differ in mass)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Electrons

A

Surround the nucleus and are located in energy levels. They have a charge of -1 and their mass is negligible in biology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Neutrons

A

Located inside the nucleus. Have a neutral charge and have a mass of 1 dalton.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Protons

A

Located in the nucleus. Have a charge of +1 and have a mass of 1 dalton. The atomic number is equal to the number of protons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Atomic mass

A

The # of protons + # of neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Atomic #

A

of protons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Radioactive elements

A

Have specific and constant periods of decay called a “half-life”. They can serve as cytotoxic agents, introduce mutations in DNA, and can serve as biological tracers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cytotoxic agents

A

Kill proliferating cells (treatment of cancer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How to radioactive elements typically induce mutations in DNA?

A

Large deletions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do radioactive elements serve as biological tracers?

A

Radioactive labeling of biological molecules (DNA, proteins, etc.), and following their fate in a cell or organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Energy

A

The ability to do work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Potential energy

A

Energy stored in matter due to its location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Involve the sharing of electrons. This can result in single, double or triple bonds. Usually require chemical reaction to break these bonds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Polar bonds

A

Unequal sharing of e-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Non-polar bonds

A

Equal sharing of e-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Ionic bonds

A

The complete transfer of valence electrons between atoms. Don’t usually require a chemical reaction to break them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hydrogen bonds: Weak bond or strong bond?

A

Weak bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Vander Waals Forces: Weak bond or strong bond?

A

Weak bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Molecule

A

2 or more atoms held together by a covalent or ionic bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The most electronegative atoms in biology

A

Nitrogen and Oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

CH4

Bond type: Single, double or triple?
Polarity? Hydrophobic or hydrophillic?

A

Single bonds, non-polar, hydrophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What’s the difference between non-polar and polar covalent bonds?

A

In non-polar bonds, the electrons are equally dispersed. In polar bonds, electrons are shifted to the most electronegative atom.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

OH

Bond type: Covalent or ionic? Polarity?

A

Polar covalent bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Electronegativity

A

An atom’s attraction for electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does a big difference in electronegativity result in?

A

Ionic bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How are ionic bonds effected by their environment?

A

With salts, dry molecules have strong bonds and wet molecules have weak bonds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What types of bonds are most common in large molecules in the cell and why are they needed?

A

Weak bonds because they allow for transient (temporary) association with other molecules. Ex: signaling reactions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Occurs when one H bonded to one e- is attracted to another which is not covalently attached to them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Van der Waals

A

The weakest of bonds. Molecules have slight attractions due to electron movement and unequal dispersion. These attractions occur even with non-polar covalent bonds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Chemical bonds

A

May occur within molecules to maintain conformation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What happens to chemical bonds during a chemical reaction?

A

They are broken and formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the 4 properties of water?

A

Cohesive behavior, ability to stabilize temperature, expansion upon freezing, and solvent versatility.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Cohesive behavior of water

A

Plants can lift water up using capillary action. The hydrogen bonds in water give it adhesive and cohesive properties.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is an environmental benefit of water’s expansion upon freezing?

A

It can float so life under the ice can survive in a lake during the winter. It doesn’t allow large bodies of water to freeze all the way to the bottom.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How is water able to stabilize temperature?

A

It has a high specific heat because it is hard to break many H-bonds. It absorbs the sun’s energy and stores it, moderating climate. Ice has more H-bonds than liquid. When you form bonds you release energy and heat the environment. Cells are made mostly of water and we can adapt to temp changes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Solvent versatility of water

A

Versitile because is has polar bonds. Even non-ionic bonds can dissolve in water and it is a good solvent for biological solutions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Hydrophilic substances

A

Substances that dissolve in water. Usually ionic or polar. Some hydrophilic substances don’t dissolve in water but they absorb it. (cotton)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Hydrophobic substances

A

Cannot dissolve in water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Fuctional groups

A

components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

buffer

A

a substance that minimizes pH
changes by absorbing protons (H+) when
they are in excess and donating them when
they are depleted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Simple sugars

A

Type of macromolecule ex: glucose

Sugars are carbohydrates; carbohydrates have a molecular formula in which (C)n(H2O)m => C:H:O ratio is n:(2:1)m

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Fatty acids

A

Fatty acids are sources of food (produce more energy
than glucose)
• Fatty acids are part of phospholipids (essential component
of membranes)
• Fatty acids are stored as fats (=triglycerides) (energy
sources) and as phospholipids (components of cell
membranes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

If a fatty acid chain has no double bonds it is

A

saturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

If a fatty acid chain has double bonds it is

A

unsaturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Structure of a phospholipid

A

Double bond in unsaturated fatty acid chain often bends. Resulting kink prevents close packing of phospholipids within the membrane. Has a hydrophillic head and hydrophobic tails (fatty acids).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Sterols

A

Another major class of lipids. Function as components of the plasma membrane and are precursors of steroid hormones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Nucleotide functions

A
  1. Energy carriers (ATP, GTP)
  2. Signals (cAMP)
  3. Subunits of DNA and RNA
52
Q

The 5 kinds of nucleotides are

A

Cytosine, thymine, uracil, adenine. and guanine

53
Q

What are pyrimidines and which nucleotides belong to this group?

A

They are 6-membered rings. (cytosine, thymine, and uracil)

54
Q

What are purines and which nucleotides belong to this group?

A

They are a 5-membered ring attached to a 6-membered ring. (Adenine and guanine)

55
Q

nucleoside

A

base + sugar. The base is at carbon 1 and carbons 3 and 5 are functionally very important.

56
Q

What are the differences between the bases in RNA and DNA?

A

In RNA Uracil is present. In DNA Thymine is present. Uracil lacks the methyl group at position 5.

57
Q

What are the differences between the sugars in RNA and DNA?

A

RNA has ribose and DNA has deoxyribose. Ribose has a carbonyl group and deoxyribose does not.

58
Q

nucleotide

A

A phosphate ester of a nucleoside. Usually esterification occurs at position 5 of a sugar (nucleotide = nucleoside-5`-phosphate) It could be 1, 2, or 3 phosphate groups.

59
Q

Transcription

A

The process of converting DNA to RNA by DNA-dependent RNA polymerase

60
Q

Translation

A

Converting RNA to proteins

61
Q

Translation results in

A

a specific polymer of amino acids (protein)

62
Q

Ribosomes

A

The organelle that reads the genetic code. It sets the correct reading frame (open reading frame) and moves along the length of mRNA adding 1 amino acid at a time. Amino acids are added by an adaptor.

63
Q

acceptor site

A

where the amino acid is bound

64
Q

Amino acids (Facts)

A

They are classified as polar (uncharged or charged) Basic (+) [in DNA binding proteins, NLS signals.] Acidic (-), or non-polar (often parts of hydrophobic membrane domains)

65
Q

Within a protein molecule N-C is a

A

peptide bond

66
Q

protein function

A

structure, storage, transport, hormones, receptors, contractions, defense, and enzymes

67
Q

4 levels of protein strucure

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

68
Q

primary protein structure

A

Only the sequence of amino acids within a protein. Can only be destroyed by chemical reactions. Only mutations can change the primary structure

69
Q

N-terminus

A

5’ end

70
Q

C-terminus

A

3’ end

71
Q

secondary protein structure

A

The chemical bonds in the peptide backbone. Folds and coils make up the secondary structure. Results from weak hydrogen bonds (Weakly positive H and weakly negative N and O)

72
Q

tertiary protein structure

A

Chemical bonds between side chains.They can be caused by 4 types of interactions: (Hydrogen bonds, Ionic bonds, Disulfide bonds (covalent), and Hydrophobic interactions

73
Q

Quaternary protein structure

A

Association of several protein subunits to form a more complex molecule.

74
Q

alpha-helix

A

A type of secondary structure wherea protein coil

held together by hydrogen bonds every 4th peptide bond. Bonds are within the peptide backbone

75
Q

beta-helix

A

A protein chain folded on itself so that two regions are parallel to each other; these are held together by hydrogen bonds. They form very rigid structures

76
Q

The best way to determine a proteins secondary and tertiary structure.

A

x-ray diffraction analysis, which requires the protein to be crystallized

77
Q

Denaturation

A

The destruction of the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure

78
Q

endergonic reaction

A

energy of the reactants is smaller than the energy of the products

79
Q

exergonic reaction

A

energy of the reactants is greater than the energy of the products

80
Q

The catalytic cycle of an enzyme

A

An enzyme and substrate are available and the substrate binds to the enzyme. The substrate is then converted to products. Products are released and the active site is now free for another substrate to bind to it.

81
Q

What do enzymes do to the activation energy?

A

They lower it.

82
Q

What do enzymes to do the deltaG of a reaction?

A

Nothing. It remains the same.

83
Q

What does it mean when we say that enzymes are substrate specific?

A

They only catalyze specific reactions.

84
Q

Enzymes are usually ________ .

A

Proteins

85
Q

V(max)

A

The maximum reaction rate. The enzyme works at full capacity, usually when substrate is not limited.

86
Q

Is the hydrolysis of ATP exergonic or endergonic

A

exergonic

87
Q

Coupling

A

When endergonic reactions are driven by the energy released from exergonic reactions.

88
Q

ATP Cycle

A

The ATP cycle involves coupling. The Energy of ATP hydrolysis is used for anabolism. These are reactions that use energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones. (When adenine diphosphate becomes adenine triphosphate by obtaining a phosphate group.) Energy from catabolism is used for ATP synthesis. These are reactions that release energy by breaking complex molecules into simpler ones.

89
Q

Anabolic reactions

A

When energy is used to make a complex molecule from simpler ones

90
Q

Catabolic reactions

A

They release energy by breaking complex molecules into simpler ones

91
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Bacteria and cyanobacteria, which is blue-green algae. It has no nucleus. Their sizes range from 1-5um

92
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

These include protists, fungi, plants and animals. The have a nucleus and are compartmentalized. They are larger cells that range from 10-100um.

93
Q

Why are cells so small?

A

A large surface area is needed for the cell to interact with the environment. Also, if a cell gets too big, the cell membrane would not be able to meet the demands of its volume.

94
Q

Why are cells compartmentalized?

A

To reduce diffusion distances and to separate “incompatible” reactions and their products.

95
Q

Chromatin

A

A complex of DNA and histones (proteins that package DNA). It is located in the nucleus

96
Q

Nucleolus

A

The site of assembly of immature ribosomes. It is located in the nucleus.

97
Q

Nuclear lamina

A

Supports the nuclear envelope. It is located in the nucleus.

98
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Double membrane of the nucleus. It extends directly to the ER.

99
Q

Nuclear pore

A

Connection between the karyoplasm (or nucleoplasm) and cytoplasm. It is a large structure and it allows small molecules to diffuse into the nucleus. It selectively regulates transport of larger molecules. Nuclear import requires specific signals (NLS)

100
Q

karyoplasm

A

plasma inside the nucleus

101
Q

NLS

A

nuclear localization signals

102
Q

ribosomes

A

They synthesize proteins based on mRNA information. Ribosomes in the cell are either free or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum

103
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Make up more than half of the membranes in the cell. It consists of tubules and cisternae. It is directly connected to the nuclear envelope.

104
Q

Cisternae

A

sacs located in the ER

105
Q

Difference between rough ER and smooth ER.

A

Rough ER has attached ribosomes. Smooth ER is ribosome free.

106
Q

Smooth ER

A

Synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, synthesizes some hormones, and detoxifies drugs and poisons by adding -OH groups and making them more soluble.

107
Q

Rough ER

A

Synthesizes proteins that are to be exported or inserted into membranes. They modify proteins (Ex. acquire sugars and become glycoproteins) They produce their own membranes by adding phospholipids.

108
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Membranous structure. It is the center for storage, modification, sorting, and transport of ER products. The “Cis-face” receives incoming vesicles from the ER and the trans-face sends off vesicles to other parts of the cell.

109
Q

What’s in the vesicles of the golgi apparatus?

A

Proteins modified by the ER and golgi as well as modified phospholipids.

110
Q

Where do the vesicles go?

A

To specific parts of the cell.

111
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membrane vesicles filled with digestive enzymes (proteases and nucleases). They are found in animal cells. They have a pH of about 5.0.

112
Q

Hydrolytic enzymes of lysosomes

A

Are active at low pH and inactive at neutral pH of the cell cytosol.

113
Q

What happens if 1 lysosome breaks?

A

Its enzymes become inactive and cannot harm the cell.

114
Q

What happens if too many lysosomes break?

A

The cell dies. This is a mechanism of programmed cell death. (Autolysis)

115
Q

Lysosome functions

A
  1. Degrade a recycle macromolecules
  2. Digest food (in protazoa)
  3. Cell self-distruction
116
Q

Central vacuole

A

The plant homolog of lysosome. It is a large central vesicle bound by a special membrane (tonoplast). Its functions include disposal/recycling, storage, and reduction in cell volume for faster diffusion

117
Q

Peroxisome (what)

A

A membrane-wrapped compartment which contains enzymes that transfer H from certain substrates to O, producing H2O2. Also contains other enzymes that convers H2O2 to H2O.

118
Q

Functions of peroxisome

A

Detoxification of alcohols and other compounds. Also, the breakdown of fatty acids.

119
Q

Mitochondria

A

The site of cellular respiration (Where most ATP is generated) It has a smooth outer membrane, an inner membrane that is infolded, and a matrix inside the inner membrane. It has its own DNA genome.

120
Q

What are the infolds on the inner membrane of mitochondria called?

A

Cristae

121
Q

What is cristae?

A

The infolds on the inner membrane of mitochondria

122
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Found in plant cells and they are green plastids. They are the site of photosynthesis, composed of a double membrane, narrow intermembrane space, and grana within stroma. They have their own DNA genome.

123
Q

grana

A

Stacks of thylakoids found in chloroplasts

124
Q

Stroma

A

fluid outside of thylakoids.

125
Q

True or false: chloroplasts have their own DNA

A

True

126
Q

Peptide bond

A

A chemical bond formed when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of another molecule by hydrolization. It usually between amino acids.

Biology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions