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Spring 2016 Exams > Bio Week 7 - Emotion > Flashcards

Bio Week 7 - Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

The amygdala coordinates and integrates which three components of emotional responses?

a. cognitive, behavioral, emotional
b. cognitive, autonomic, hormonal
c. autonomic, behavioral, hormonal
d. hormonal, emotional, behavioral

A

c. autonomic, behavioral, hormonal

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2
Q

The medial nucleus of the amygdala has the most prominent role in emotional learning.
T
F

A

F- the central nucleus

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3
Q

The amygdala receives input from each of the following brain areas except:

a. ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC, emotional regulation)
b. hypothalamus (autonomic regulation)
c. thalamus (sensory input)
d. hippocampal formation (memory)
e. receives from all of the above

A

b. hypothalamus (autonomic regulation)

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4
Q

The amygdala then projects back to each of the following brain areas except:

a. VMPFC
b. hypothalamus
c. thalamus
d. midbrain, pons, & medulla
e. projects to all of the above

A

e. projects to all of the above

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5
Q

When a person is exposed to which of the following would the amygdala be most active?

a. threat stimuli
b. love stimuli
c. anger stimuli
d. familiar stimuli

A

a. threat stimuli

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6
Q

Lesions in the amygdala result in all of the following in animals except:

a. reduced fear responses to natural and conditioned aversive stimuli
b. reduced level of stress hormone and chance of developing ulcers due to stress
c. less timidity when entering unfamiliar places
d. more tameness when being handled by humans
e. results in all of these

A

e. results in all of these

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7
Q

Electrical or amino acid stimulation of the amygdala results in all of the following except:

a. elevated androgen levels
b. ulcers
c. behavioral and physiological signs of fear
d. behavioral and physiological signs of agitation
e. results in all of these

A

a. elevated androgen levels

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8
Q

The mediating systems between the amygdala and the deleterious effects of long-term stress are ___________ and ____________.

a. autonomic and endocrine
b. parasympathetic and somatic
c. sympathetic and endocrine
d. somatic and autonomic
e. a. and b.
f. c. and d.
g. a. and c.

A

g. a. and c.

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9
Q

A conditioned emotional response paradigm is an example of __________.

a. operant conditioning
b. instrumental learning
c. classical conditioning
d. aversive learning
e. a. and d.
f. c. and d.
g. b. and c.

A

f. c. and d.

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10
Q

Within the conditioned emotional response paradigm, a(n) _________ response terminates an aversive stimulus, whereas a(n) __________ response functions as a generalized physiological reaction controlled by the autonomic nervous system.

a. specific, nonspecific
b. instrumental, coping
c. nonspecific, specific
d. instrumental, nonspecific
e. a. and d.
f. a. and b.
g. b. and d.

A

e. a. and d.

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11
Q

If a learned coping response allows for one to avoid or minimize contact with an aversive stimulus, then most of the non-specific emotional responses will eventually disappear.
T
F

A

True

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12
Q

Classical conditioning occurs when an aversive stimulus (e.g., shock) causes autonomic and physical reactivity (e.g., high heart rate and freeze response).
T
F

A

F- It occurs when a neutral stimulus (e.g., a light), having been paired with the aversive stimulus, can cause such reactions without the aversive stimulus present.

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13
Q

If the central nucleus of the amygdala were destroyed, conditioned emotional responses (cer’s) could still take place, just mediated through other brain pathways.
T
F

A

F- no other such pathways, to my knowledge; no cn, no cer

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14
Q

All of the following are true of the VMPFC except:

a. activated during extinction
b. stimulation interferes with cer’s
c. lesions impair extinction in animals
d. stimulation increases aversive learning
e. all are true

A

d. stimulation increases aversive learning

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15
Q

Stimulation of the hypothalamus results in __________, whereas stimulation of the amygdala results in ___________.

a. autonomic responses of anxiety, feelings of fear
b. autonomic responses of fear, feelings of anxiety
c. autonomic responses of anxiety, feelings of anxiety
d. autonomic responses of fear, feelings of fear
e. a. and b.
f. a. and d.
g. b. and c.

A

f. a. and d.

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16
Q

Which of the following is indicative of patients with amygdala damage:

a. fail to show increased startle response when feeling an unpleasant emotion
b. fail to show increased memory for emotionally valenced story elements
c. show impaired acquisition of cer’s
d. show decreased emotional judgment
e. are able to identify happy and sad, but not scary, music
g. all of the above

A

g. all of the above

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17
Q

A cer can be acquired by observing others receive an aversive stimulus, but not by being instructed that an aversive stimulus would soon follow.
T
F

A

F- cer can be acquired for both

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18
Q

PET studies involving the amygdala found all of the following except:

a. The right amygdala was activated when subjects recalled emotionally (as opposed to non-emotionally) arousing film
b. recall was the best for scenes that produced the highest levels of amygdala activation
c. amygdala can be activated even when reading a threatening word
d. amygdala can be activated even when identifying the color of ink associated with a threatening word
e. found all of these

A

e. found all of these

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19
Q

Most of the research related to aggression has been with animals and instinctive behavior. What area(s) in animals are/is involved in mediation of aggression?

a. PAG
b. Hypothalamus
c. Amygdala
d. All of the above

A

d. all of the above

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20
Q

In relation to aggression, Serotonin inhibits aggression. True or False.

A

True

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21
Q

Due to animal research we have learned that monkey who has low level of Serotonin were more likely to? Select all that apply.

a. engage in more safe behaviors and more likely to climb down trees and not leap
b. engage in more risk taking behaviors and more likely to take dangerous leaps
c. lived longer live and had more offspring
d. 46% were killed off by other monkeys within 4 years

A

b. engage in more risk taking behaviors and more likely to take dangerous leaps
d. 46% were killed off by other monkeys within 4 years

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22
Q

Human research in relation to aggression indicates what concerning those with low levels of Serotonin? Select all that apply.

a. associated with aggression and antisocial behaviors
b. associated with mania and depression
c. SSRI shown to increase irritability and aggression
d. SSRI shown to decrease irritability and aggression

A

a. associated with aggression and antisocial behaviors

d. SSRI shown to decrease irritability and aggression

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23
Q

Where is the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) located?

a. Top of the cerebral hemisphere
b. Anterior to the premotor cortex
c. Orbitofrontal cortex, bottom of cerebral hemisphere
d. Anterior to the central sulcus

A

c. Orbitofrontal cortex, bottom of cerebral hemisphere

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24
Q

What part of the brain perceives and understands the meaning of social situations, and integrates sensory information with memories and cognitive abilities to render judgments?

a. CCA
b. vmPFC
c. Amygdala
d. Hypothalamus

A

b. vmPFC

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25
Q

True or False: the left hemisphere is more involved in social judgments than the right hemisphere.

A

False; the right hemisphere is more involved in social judgments than the left

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26
Q 
The vmPFC receives input from which of the following areas?
dorsomedial thalamus
temporal lobe
hippocampus
ventral tegmental area
olfactory system
hypothalamus
amygdala
A 
dorsomedial thalamus
temporal lobe
ventral tegmental area
olfactory system
amygdala
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27
Q

Where does the vmPFC get arousal inputs from?

a. ventral tegmental area
b. dorsomedial thalamus
c. amygdala
d. temporal lobe

A

a. ventral tegmental area

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28
Q

Where does the vmPFC get emotionally relevant information inputs from?

a. olfactory system
b. ventral tegmental area
c. amygdala
d. prefrontal cortex

A

c. amygdala; provides info about the emotional valence of what is going on in the environment

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29
Q 
The vmPFC provides output to which of the following areas?
cingulate cortex
ventral tegmental area
hippocampal formation
temporal lobe
superior colliculus 
lateral hypothalamus
amygdala
other prefrontal areas including the dlPFC
A 
cingulate cortex
hippocampal formation
temporal lobe
lateral hypothalamus
amygdala
other prefrontal areas including the dlPFC
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30
Q

What area of the vmPFC is involved in regulating and integrating emotion into cognition and behavior?

a. amygdala
b. temporal lobe
c. lateral hypothalamus
d. cingulate cortex

A

d. cingulate cortex

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31
Q

What area in the vmPFC is involved in influencing the way memories are formed and attaching emotional values to them?

a. dorsomedial thalamus
b. temporal lobe
c. hippocampal formation
d. olfactory system

A

c. hippocampal formation

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32
Q

What area in the vmPFC is involved in activating the autonomic and sympathetic elements of emotional response?

a. lateral hypothalamus
b. cingulate cortex
c. temporal lobe
d. ventral tegmental area

A

a. lateral hypothalamus

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33
Q

What area has a reciprocal connection with the vmPFC and helps control emotional activity?

a. ventral tegmental area
b. amygdala
c. superior colliculus
d. dorsomedial thalamus

A

b. amygdala

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34
Q

True or false: After Phineas Gage’s brain trauma, he was more likely to lie, bully, and steal.

A

False; none of these negative behaviors were mentioned in Gage’s doctor’s account after the injury.

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35
Q

Where did the idea of prefrontal lobotomies come from?

a. studies in monkeys
b. Moniz developed the procedure
c. Phineas Gage’s accident
d. a and b
e. b and c

A

d. a and b

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36
Q 
Which of the following did prefrontal lobotomies reduce?
anxiety
ticks
obsessions
compulsions
seizures
A

anxiety
obsessions
compulsions

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37
Q

Which of the following were true of patients who had prefrontal lobotomies?

a. they could still detect pain
b. they were no longer bothered by the pain
c. they did not have an emotional response to the pain
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

38
Q

Which of the following were long unrecognized effects of prefrontal lobotomies?

substantial changes in personality
irresponsible
childishness
irritability
impaired planning
anger
unable to maintain employment
normal and pathological emotional reactions were eliminated
A 
substantial changes in personality
irresponsible
childishness
impaired planning
unable to maintain employment
normal and pathological emotional reactions were eliminated
39
Q

Why were prefrontal lobotomies discontinued?

a. the advent of drugs
b. recognition of negative behavioral effects
c. recognition of negative emotional effects
d. recognition of negative cognitive effects
e. a and c only
f. all of the above

A

f. all of the above

40
Q

True or false: damage to the orbitofrontal cortex may result in a person able to verbalize reasonable, appropriate logical plans and responses to hypothetical situations but may not be able to apply them to his/her own life.
True

A

True

41
Q

In the case study of the person who had orbitofrontal cortex damage, he lost his job, marriage, friends, and a lot of money because of what?

a. he couldn’t express appropriate or relevant knowledge
b. he wasn’t able to apply knowledge to regulate his behavior
c. he had poor judgment in real life
d. b and c

A

d. b and c

42
Q

In patients who have orbitofrontal cortex damage, can you rely on their ability to tell you what should be done as an indication of their ability to do it?

A

Nope, they can’t integrate what they are saying into their behavior

43
Q

The vmPFC is activated when making what kind of decisions?

a. reflexive decisions
b. hypothetical moral decisions
c. non-moral decisions
d. utilitarian decisions

A

b. hypothetical moral decisions

44
Q

What is a utilitarian decision?

a. a moral decision
b. a decision based on non-moral/impersonal scenarios, made rationally without strong emotional components
c. personal moral decision, made when a person is confronted with their own mortality
e. hypothetical moral decision

A

b. a decision based on non-moral/impersonal scenarios, made rationally without strong emotional components

45
Q

People with damage to the vmPFC make utilitarian decisions in which of the following scenarios?

a. non-moral scenarios
b. impersonal scenarios
c. personal moral scenarios
d. only a
e. all of the above

A

e. all of the above

46
Q

What evidence do we have that the expression of emotions is innate?

a. Facial expressions of emotions are the same across different cultures
b. People can easily recognize emotion conveyed in facial expression of others from a different culture.
c. Blind children demonstrate the same facial expressions as sighted children.
d. All of the above

A

d. all of the above

47
Q

What part of the brain serves as interface between executive functions of the frontal lobe, emotional functioning of amygdala and the brain areas controlling movement?

a. basal ganglia
b. hippocampus
c. anterior cingulate cortex
d. vmPFC

A

c. anterior cingulate cortex

48
Q

True or False: Electrical stimulation of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) only produces feelings of positive emotions.

A

False: produces positive or negative emotions

49
Q

What is akinetic mutism?

a. caused when there is damage to the ACC
b. the individual cannot speak or move
c. individual is not able to life sustaining behaviors such as eating or using the restroom
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

50
Q

Personal moral dilemmas activate which part of the brain?

a. Dorsolateral Prefrontal cortex
b. Amygdala
c. anterior cingulate cortex
d. both a and c

A

d. both a and c

51
Q

What is the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex involved in?

a. cognitive functions
b. sensory input
c. aggression expression
d. flight or fight

A

a. cognitive functions

52
Q

True or False: It is theorized that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex initiates a process of weighing emotional and rational factors and “comes to a decision” about what action to take.

A

True

53
Q

Subjects with antisocial personality disorder are found to have much reduction in prefrontal gray matter? Which indicates small prefrontal lobe and inhibited ability to have rational decisions.

a. 50%
b. 32%
c. 11%
d. 0%

A

c. 11%

54
Q

Who was Reinaldo Rivera?

a. A man falsely accused of murder and dna evidence freed him from prison
b. A psychopath proved by brain imaging
c. A man who had the ability to hold jobs that require a great deal of executive function, but his defensive used a psychopathy plea to explain why he rape and murdered women
d. The man whose affect changed after a steel rod went through his head.

A

c. A man who had the ability to hold jobs that require a great deal of executive function, but his defensive used a psychopathy plea to explain why he rape and murdered women

55
Q

True or False: The prefrontal cortex is activated by large Serotonin pathways?

A

True

56
Q

What is the relationship between Serotonin in the prefrontal cortex and aggression?

a. deficient of serotonin - increased aggression
b. deficient of serotonin - decreased aggression
c. excess of serotonin - increased aggression
d. excess of serotonin - decreased aggression

A

a. deficient of serotonin - increased aggression

57
Q

True or False: In mice testosterone increases aggression only in males.

A

False - increases aggression in both males in females. The more males (0,1,2) next to a female rat when growing in the fallopian tubes the higher level of testosterone and increased rate of aggression.

58
Q

Which sex in humans is more aggressive and why?

a. females because they have lower testosterone levels
b. females because they have higher testosterone levels
c. males because they have lower testosterone levels
d. males because they have higher testosterone levels

A

d. males because they have higher testosterone levels

59
Q

Is aggression caused by testosterone?

a. yes, there is a direct causal link
b. no, there is strong correlation between the two, but correlation does not equal causation
c. no, the theory is that testosterone increases the motivation for dominance and aggression is one way of gaining dominance
d. both b and c

A

d. both b and c

60
Q

True or False: Testosterone levels are increased by environmental influences.

A

True, winning a game or being a fan and your team wins show increased levels of testosterone

61
Q

What is an androgen?

a. female sex hormone, estrogen
b. male sex hormone, testosterone
c. female sex hormone, testosterone
d. a peptide

A

b. male sex hormone, testosterone

62
Q

True or False: Anabolic steroids contain some synthetic hormones with androgen effects, such as increased aggression.

A

True, but correlational not causal

63
Q

How has the relationship between androgens and alcohol been shown with animals?

a. during mating season alcohol increases aggression in dominant squirrel monkeys
b. during non-mating season alcohol increased aggression in dominant male monkeys, but only when also given testosterone
c. during non-mating season non-dominant monkeys did not show increased aggression when given alcohol and testosterone
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

64
Q

What area mediates perception of emotional content?

a. anterior central sulcus
b. right hemisphere
c. left hemisphere
d. amygdala

A

b. right hemisphere

65
Q

When the right hemisphere is damaged what abilities are impaired?

a. less accurate at judging emotional tone of voice reading statements
b. unable to recognize emotions from facial expressions
c. unable to recognize movement
d. a and b

A

d. a and b

66
Q

What area is activated in healthy subjects when identifying emotion from voice tone?

a. left prefrontal only
b. right prefrontal only
c. bilateral prefrontal
d. left hemisphere

A

b. right prefrontal only

67
Q

What area is activated in healthy subjects when identifying emotion from word meaning?

a. prefrontal cortex
b. amygdala
c. bilateral prefrontal, left side more so than right side
d. superior colliculus

A

c. bilateral prefrontal, left side more so than right side

68
Q

True or false: comprehension of words and recognition of voice tone are independent functions mediated by different areas of the brain

A

True

69
Q

What happens when there is damage to the amygdala?

a. unable to see movement
b. unable to see color
c. unable to see faces
d. unable to recognize facial expressions of emotions, especially fear

A

d. unable to recognize facial expressions of emotions, especially fear

70
Q

True or false: there are large increases of amygdala activation when people view facial expressions of fear but only small increases, or decreases, when viewing happy faces

A

True

71
Q

Where does the FFA receive input from?

a. parvocellular system
b. magnocellular system
c. high frequency systems
d. low frequency systems

A

a. parvocellular system

72
Q

The parvocellular system has what kind of spatial frequency?

a. low spatial frequency for differences in brightness
b. low spatial frequency for movement
c. low spatial frequency fro depth
d. high spatial frequency for detailed detection

A

d. high spatial frequency for detailed detection

73
Q

The amygdala receives what kind of input?

a. high frequency
b. subcortical
c. cortical
d. b and c

A

d. b and c

74
Q

Where does the subcortical pathway for the amygdala primarily come from?

a. superior colliculus
b. magnocellular system (superior colliculus and pulvinar)
c. parvocellular system (facial fusiform area)
d. pulvinar

A

b. magnocellular system (superior colliculus and pulvinar)

75
Q

The magnocellular system receives what kind of input?

a. low spatial frequency for differences in brightness
b. low spatial frequency for movement
c. low spatial frequency fro depth
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

76
Q

What is true about affective blindsite?

a. produces a blind spot in the visual field
b. caused from lesions in the primary visual cortex
c. damage causes a person to be able to recognize facial expressions of emotion even though they don’t have conscious awareness of seeing the face
d. damage causes a person to be unable to see movement

A

c. damage causes a person to be able to recognize facial expressions of emotion even though they don’t have conscious awareness of seeing the face

77
Q

What areas are activated when a person sees faces expressing fear?

a. superior colliculus
b. posterior thalamus (pulvinar)
c. amygdala
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

78
Q

In the case study of the woman who had bilateral damage to the amygdala, what were some of the symptoms she exhibited when looking at pictures of people’s facial expressions of fear?

a. when not looking at the eyes she could not judge facial expressions of fear
b. failed to look at eyes of people, instead looked at mouth
c. when prompted to look at the eyes could recognize facial expression of fear
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

79
Q

Damage to the _________ causes impairment in recognition of facial expression of disgust.

a. basal ganglia
b. amygdala
c. insular cortex
d. a and c
e. a and b

A

d. a and c

80
Q

What area is activated in healthy individuals when looking at facial expressions of disgust or smelling a bad odor?

a. amygdala
b. insular cortex
c. superior colliculus
d. pulvinar

A

b. insular cortex

81
Q

True or False: Spontaneous smiles involve contraction of the orbicularis oculi muscles whereas posed smiles do not, meaning that different parts of the brain initiate posed and spontaneous smiles.

A

True

82
Q

What is facial paresis?

a. Difficulty making full facial movements during spontaneous emotional expression
b. difficulty making full facial movements during volitional emotional expression.
c. condition caused by contralateral lesion in primary motor cortex or pathways to facial nerve.
d. condition caused by contralateral lesion in insular, frontal white matter or thalamus.
e. a & d
f. b & c

A

f. b & c

83
Q

What is emotional facial paresis?

a. Difficulty making full facial movements during spontaneous emotional expression
b. difficulty making full facial movements during volitional emotional expression.
c. condition caused by contralateral lesion in primary motor cortex or pathways to facial nerve.
d. condition caused by contralateral lesion in insular, frontal white matter or thalamus.
e. a & d
f. b & c

A

e. a & d

84
Q

True or False: Different types of jokes activate the same areas of the brain.

A

FALSE-different types of jokes activate different types of the brain, but they all activate the vmPFC in the Right Hemisphere.

85
Q

True or False: The RIght Hemisphere has dominant role in emotional expression.

A

True

86
Q

Which of the following is FALSE about emotion expression?

a. People judged the L half composite face as more emotionally expressive than the R half composite face.
b. emotional facial expression usually emerges on the right side of the face first.
c. Left hemisphere lesions usually do not impair expression of emotions, whereas Right lesions often do.
d. All of the above are true.

A

b. emotional facial expression usually emerges on the right side of the face first.

87
Q

Which of the following were results of the case study of a patient with bilateral amygdala damage?

a. the patient could NOT produce facial expressions of various emotions, including fear.
b. the patient could produce facial expressions of various emotions, including fear.
c. the patient could NOT identify the emotion conveyed in a photo of herself showing a fearful expression.
d. the patient could identify the emotion conveyed in a photo of herself showing a fearful expression.
e. b & c
f. a & d

A

e. b & c

88
Q 
Who supports this theory?:
 Emotions are a perception of physiological responses being caused by the environment eliciting physiological reactions that the brain becomes aware of through sensory feedback.
a. Cannon & Bard
b. Michael Daniel
c. “Modern” Psychologists
d. James & Lange
A

d. James & Lange

89
Q 
Who supports this theory?:
An environmental event elicits both feelings of emotion in the brain and physiological reactions. The two proceed in parallel and, while both constitute emotional experience, they have no causal relationship with each other.
a. Cannon & Bard
b. Michael Daniel
c. “Modern” Psychologists
d. James & Lange
A

a. Cannon & Bard

90
Q

True or False: The “modern” view of emotions is that the environmental events, physiological reactions, and brain-based feelings of emotion are all interactive.

A

TRUE

91
Q

Which theory of emotions does the following support:
Higher levels of spinal cord injury are associated with patient’s report of less intense emotions.
a. Cannon-Bard
b. Michael Daniel
c. “Modern” Psychologists
d. James-Lange

A

d. James-Lange

Spring 2016 Exams (6 decks)

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