Bio Week 5 - Vision Flashcards
What % of cerebral cortex plays a direct role in processing visual information? 5% 10% 20% 50%
20%
The visual system responds to what kind of energy? thermal hydrostatic electromagnetic ATP
electromagnetic
The range of wavelengths observable by human visual systems is considered large.
T
F
F
The retina is comprised of rods and cones, called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. bipolar cells retinal ganglion cells photoreceptors geniculate material
photoreceptors
Light hits the back of the eye, and information travels from ________ to _________ to _________ within the retina, along the way to the optic nerve.
rods/cones, bipolar cells, retinal ganglion cells
retinal ganglion cells, bipolar cells, rods/cones
bipolar cells, rods/cones, retinal ganglion cells
bipolar cells, retinal ganglion cells, rods/cones
rods/cones, bipolar cells, retinal ganglion cells
What is the process called, by which rods/cones interpret and pass along information from light? transmutation transduction transference transcription
transduction
Each of these characteristics applies to rods except? found in the periphery of the retina sensitive to color work well in dim illumination are more abundant than cones are light sensitive
sensitive to color
Which of these characteristics does not apply to cones? sensitive to color found mostly in fovea work well during the day have greatest acuity are light sensitive
are light sensitive
All of the following are true of the place where the optic nerve exits the eye, except \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. it’s called an optic chiasm it creates a blind spot it’s called an optic disk a ganglion cell axon passes through it there are no photoreceptors here
it’s called an optic chiasm
An overview of the pathway through the visual system that begins with light entering the eye looks like:
optic chiasm, optic nerve, optic tract, lateral geniculate, optic radiations, primary visual cortex, visual association cortex
optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, lateral geniculate, optic radiations, primary visual cortex, visual association cortex
optic chiasm, optic nerve, optic tract, optic radiations, lateral geniculate,primary visual cortex, visual association cortex
optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, optic radiations, lateral geniculate, visual association cortex, primary visual cortex
optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, lateral geniculate, optic radiations, primary visual cortex, visual association cortex
What is the second possible visual system pathway, beginning with optic chiasm?
superior colliculus, thalamus, secondary visual cortex
hypothalamus
inferior colliculus, hypothalamus, primary visual cortex
thalamus
both a and b
both c and d
both a and b
The inferior colliculus controls _______, while the superior colliculus controls ________.
head orientation & eye movements, circadian rhythm
auditory processing, head orientation & eye movements
circadian rhythm, auditory processing
smooth movements, circadian rhythm
both a and d
auditory processing, head orientation & eye movements
The receptive field is the area in the visual field to which a particular neuron responds.
T
F
T
A ganglion cell’s receptive field is determined by the location of the photoreceptor with which it is connected.
T
F
T
Many photoreceptors connect with a single ganglion cell in the fovea.
T
F
F
Information from the visual field of the left eye gets processed on the left side of the brain, while the same is true for the right eye.
T
F
F
Visual information that hits the lateral side of the eye stays on that side of the brain, whereas that which hits the medial side gets sent to the opposite side of the brain.
T
F
T
Which structure is the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) located in? thalamus hypothalamus pons hippocampus occipital lobe
thalamus
Layers 1 and 2 of the LGN are ________, while layers 3-6 are __________.
parvocellular (large cells), magnocellular (small cells)
magnocellular (large cells), parvocellular (small cells)
parvocellular (small cells), magnocellular (large cells)
magnocellular (small cells), parvocellular (large cells)
magnocellular (large cells), parvocellular (small cells)
Information from each layer projects to a specific area in the visual cortex, and the separation of information remains intact on the visual cortex.
T
F
T
Koniocellular refers to a layer found between magnocellular layers, not parvocellular layers.
T
F
F
All of the following are words used to describe the same thing except? striatal cortex V1 foveal cortex primary visual cortex
foveal cortex
Where would information from the lower left visual field be projected in the primary visual cortex? upper right hemisphere lower right hemisphere upper left hemisphere lower left hemisphere
upper right hemisphere
Information from the central visual (foveal) field gets processed in the _________, whereas that from the peripheral visual field gets processed in the _________.
anterior primary visual cortex, posterior primary visual cortex
posterior primary visual cortex, anterior primary visual cortex
lateral primary visual cortex, medial primary visual cortex
medial primary visual cortex, lateral primary visual cortex
posterior primary visual cortex, anterior primary visual cortex
Among the 6 layers of the primary visual cortex, layer 4 receives from ________ and layers 2 and 3 receive input from ________ of the LGN.
magnocellular layer, parvocellular layer
parvocellular layer, magnocellular layer
koniocellular layer, magno & parvocellular layers
magno & parvocellular layers koniocellular layer
magno & parvocellular layers koniocellular layer
The fact that the information that goes to the cortex retains the spatial arrangement from the visual field makes this system similar to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. auditory system subcortical processing systems topographical map chromographer
topographical map
What % of the primary visual cortex processes foveal information, and is this considered disproportionate? 25%, yes 50%, yes 10%, yes 25%, no 50%, no 10%, yes
25%, yes
The primary visual cortex is composed of numerous modules, each of which processes information for color, form, and movement in discrete areas.
T
F
T
Neurons in the interblobs of the striatal cortex respond to all of the following except: orientation movement spatial frequency color a and b b and d
color
Neurons in the blobs of the striatal cortex respond to all of the following except: orientation movement low frequency information color a and b b and d
a and b
Blobs are comprised of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, whereas interblobs are comprised of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. thick strips (form processing), thin strips (color processing)
thin strips (color processing), thick strips (form processing)
pale strips (movement processing), thick strips (form processing)
thin strips (color processing), pale strips (movement processing)
a and b
b and d
b and d
When people suffer from cortical blindness (e.g., cannot see half of visual field), and they are tested on information from the area that they cannot see, they can still demonstrate behaviors that are visually mediated.
T
F
T
V1 neurons have larger receptive fields than than V2 neurons, suggesting that V1 neurons receive input from multiple V2 neurons.
T
F
F
Where does the integration of fragmented components of visual stimuli turn into perception? Visual cortex V2 Visual association cortex V10
Visual association cortex
What are the two visual pathways after the primary visual cortex? dorsal and ventral dorsal and temporal temporal and occipital occipital and ventral
dorsal and ventral
The Parvocellular and the Koinocellular Divisions both receive information about color (cone), but what makes them different?
Koino also has high ability to detect fine detail
Parvo also has high sensitivity to contrast
Parvo also has high ability to detect fine detail
Koino also has high sensitivity to contrast
Parvo also has high ability to detect fine detail
What does the Magnocellular Division detect? color (cones) fine detail sensitivity to contrast (rods) all of the above
sensitivity to contrast (rods)
The processing in the primary visual cortex and association cortex proceeds in what type of manner? Hierarchical Sequential No specific order Simultaneously
Hierarchical
What happens in the V4?
Neurons respond to specific colors
This area medicates form and color perception
If damaged the individual has an impaired ability to make color discriminations in different levels of illumination only
All of the above
All of the above
What is the other area of the visual association cortex beside the V4 that is involved in color discrimination? V10 VA9/TE V8/TEO V4-2
V8/TEO
Where is the “end of ventral stream”?
In the inferior temporal lobe in areas of the Temporal (TE) and Temporal Occipital (TEO)
In the prefrontal cortex
Before the visual association cortex
In the Occipital lobe
In the inferior temporal lobe in areas of the Temporal (TE) and Temporal Occipital (TEO)
Where does the integration of form and color for 3-D, object and background perception occur? V4 V8 end of ventral stream beginning of ventral stream
end of ventral stream
What happens in the Temporal Occipital (TEO)
primary input from V4
primary output to Temporal (TE)
if damage monkey’s ability to make even simple visual discrimination of forms, size, orientation, color, or brightness is impaired
all of the above
all of the above
What area has the largest receptive field? (Often an entire contralateral half of visual field) TEO TE V4 all have the same size receptive field
TE
Which is true about TE?
neurons respond poorly to spots, lines, stripes
neurons respond best to 3-dimensional objects or photos of them
neurons continue to respond if the object is moved to different location or is changed in size, shape, brightness, background, or partially occluded
all are true
all are true
True or False: There is not one neuron for each individual object that exists?
True (Recognition of objects is based on the activity of numerous neurons each sensitive to different aspects of visual information; it is the pattern of activity of these neurons that represents the visual perception)
True or False: Neurons arranged in columns with neurons in adjacent regions do not respond to slightly different versions of the same object?
False, they do respond
Which is not true about visual agnosia? Can identify objects by other sensory modalities Visual acuity intact Cannot identify objects by sight Dementia is present
Dementia is present
What is true about Apperceptive visual agnosia? perceptual impairment and visual agnosis perception intact with visual agnosia bilateral lateral occipital lobe damage a and c b and c
a and c
What is true about Associative visual agnosia?
bilateral lateral occipital lobe damage
damage in the anterior ventral (temporal) stream
perception intact with visual agnosia
a and c
b and c
b and c
fMRI studies have identified which of the following regions of the lateral occipital and inferior temporal that respond to specific categories of objects in visual association areas?
animals tools furniture cars flowers faces bodies scenes
animals tools cars flowers faces bodies scenes
True or false: In the fMRI studies that have identified regions of the lateral occipital and inferior temporal that respond to specific categories of objects, the findings have been reliable for many of the categories.
False; the findings are not reliable for many categories
fMRI studies have identified a large region of the the ventral visual association area called the ________ that responds to a large variety of objects and shapes.
a. medial occipital cortex
b. lateral occipital cortex
c. anterior occipital cortex
d. posterior occipital cortex
b. lateral occipital cortex
fMRI studies have found three regions that show greater activation to what specific categories?
a. bodies, scenes, animals
b. faces, bodies, animals
c. faces, bodies, scenes
d. faces, bodies, automobiles
c. faces, bodies, scenes
The separate, specialized neural circuit that mediates face recognition is called what?
a. fusiform face area
b. fusiform facial area
c. extrastriate face area
d. hippocampal face area
a. fusiform face area
The Fusiform Face Area is located where?
a. Inferior surface of the temporal lobe, left hemisphere
b. inferior surface of the temporal lobe, right hemisphere
c. the temporal lobe, right hemisphere
d. the temporal lobe, left hemisphere
b. inferior surface of the temporal lobe, right hemisphere
True or false: unilateral damage will affect facial recognition
False; the right hemisphere has primary role in face recognition
The impaired ability to recognize familiar faces and learn new faces is called:
a. Optic Ataxia
b. Associative Visual Agnosia
c. Apperceptive Visual Agnosia
d. Prosopagnosia
d. Prosopagnosia
True or false: Prosopagnosia is acquired and developmental.
True
Fusiform Face Area is influenced by
a. genetics
b. experience
c. environment
d. all of the above
b. experience
The fusiform face area is activated in people who are experts in viewing something. What are some examples of experts?
a. bird experts, dog judges, car experts
b. dog judges, bird experts, frog experts
c. bird experts, car experts, horse trainer
d. bird experts, dog judges, horse trainers
a. bird experts, dog judges, car experts
True or false: People are able to recognize faces of their own race better.
True
Where is the Extrastriate Body Area (EBA)?
a. posterior to the fusiform area, left hemisphere
b. posterior to the fusiform face area, both hemispheres
c. anterior to the fusiform area, both hemispheres
d. anterior to the fusiform area, left hemisphere
b. posterior to the fusiform face area, both hemispheres
The Extrastriate Body Area is activated by all of the following except: photos silhouettes stick drawings of human bodies animals body parts
animals
What is the Parahippocampal Place Area activated by?
a. scenes
b. backgrounds
c. topographical scenes
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
True or False: the parahippocampal place area doesn’t have to be activated by anything in particular, it just has to have a scene with multiple elements in it.
True
Where is the parahippocampal place area?
a. medial temporal lobe, superior to the fusiform
b. temporal lobe
c. medial temporal lobe, inferior to the fusiform
d. hippocampus
a. medial temporal lobe, superior to the fusiform
What does the V5 MT (medial temporal) do?
a. mediates perception of movement
b. responds to movement regardless of color or shape of object
c. sensitive to movement in a particular direction
d. a and b
e. all of the above
e. all of the above
Which of the following areas does the V5 receive input from?
primary visual cortex
other areas of the visual association cortex
superior colliculus
thalamus
primary visual cortex
other areas of the visual association cortex
superior colliculus
True or False: neurons are more heavily myelinated and input arrives faster to V5 than to V4.
True
The V5a or MST receives input from V5 and is sensitive to what?
a. perception of movement
b. analysis of optic flow
c. complex movements
d. fast movements
e. b and c
f. all of the above
e. b and c
What does the analysis of optic flow allow us to determine?
a. what direction you are going
b. how fast you are approaching objects
c. if objects will pass from the right, left, above, or below
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Where does functional imaging locate the MT/MST?
a. inferior temporal sulcus
b. superior temporal sulcus
c. posterior temporal sulcus
d. anterior temporal sulcus
a. inferior temporal sulcus
Bilateral damage of the MT/MST results in what?
a. Impaired perception of movement
b. Accurate perception of form
c. Impaired perception of direction
d. a and b
e. all of the above
d. a and b
Medial occipital damage to the V5 results in what?
a. Accurate perception of movement
b. Impaired perception of direction
c. impaired perception of form
d. a and c
e. all of the above
d. a and c
Where is the visual association area that mediates discriminating between objects that are really moving vs. those whose images are moving on the retina because of head, eye or body movements?
a. junction of temporal and parietal lobes
b. V5a/MST
c. V5/MT
d. posterior parietal
a. junction of temporal and parietal lobes
Where does the V5 project to?
a. lateral fissure
b. Inferotemporal cortex
c. posterior parietal area
d. frontal lobe
c. posterior parietal area
What are the areas of the intraparietal sulcus (dorsal stream)?
a. Anterior Intraparietal Sulcus (AIP)
b. Lateral Intraparietal Sulcus (LIP)
c. Ventral Intraparietal Sulcus (VIP)
d. Medial Intraparietal Sulcus (MIP)
e. Caudal Intraparietal Sulcus (CIP)
f. All of the above
f. All of the above
What area(s) of the dorsal stream intraparietal sulcus mediates visual control of grasping and hand movements?
a. Anterior Intraparietal Sulcus (AIP)
b. Lateral Intraparietal Sulcus (LIP)
c. Ventral Intraparietal Sulcus (VIP)
d. Medial Intraparietal Sulcus (MIP)
e. Caudal Intraparietal Sulcus (CIP)
a. Anterior Intraparietal Sulcus (AIP)
What area(s) of the intraparietal sulcus mediates visual attention and saccadic eye movements?
a. Anterior Intraparietal Sulcus (AIP)
b. Lateral Intraparietal Sulcus (LIP)
c. Medial Intraparietal Sulcus (MIP)
d. Ventral Intraparietal Sulcus (VIP)
e. Caudal Intraparietal Sulcus (CIP)
b. Lateral Intraparietal Sulcus (LIP)
d. Ventral Intraparietal Sulcus (VIP)
What area(s) of the intraparietal sulcus mediates visual control of reaching and pointing?
a. Medial Intraparietal Sulcus (MIP)
b. Lateral Intraparietal Sulcus (LIP)
c. Caudal Intraparietal Sulcus (CIP)
d. Ventral Intraparietal Sulcus (VIP)
e. Anterior Intraparietal Sulcus (AIP)
c. Caudal Intraparietal Sulcus (CIP)
What does the posterior parietal (dorsal) area mediate?
a. visual control of grasping and hand movements
b. visual control of reaching and pointing
c. visually guided movements
e. visual attention saccadic eye movement
c. visually guided movements
True or false: the posterior parietal (dorsal) area does not have connections with frontal eye fields and areas controlling hand and arm movements
False, the posterior parietal (dorsal) area DOES have connections with frontal eye fields and areas controlling hand and arm movements
What happens when a person has bilateral damage to the posterior parietal (dorsal) area?
a. impairs ability to grasp
b. impairs ability to reach
c. impairs ability to maintain visual attention
d. impairs ability to assume proper hand position when reaching for an object, even though perception of object is accurate
d. impairs ability to assume proper hand position when reaching for an object, even though perception of object is accurate
What areas are involved in mental construction of 3-D images?
a. visual association cortex
b. dorsal prefrontal area
c. posterior parietal
d. right inferior temporal
d. all of the above
a. visual association cortex (extrastriate)
b. dorsal prefrontal area - planning movements
c. posterior parietal
d. right inferior temporal - likely for recognition of imaginary shape
What syndrome results from bilateral damage to the occipital-parietal area?
a. Kolb’s syndrome
b. Whishaw’s syndrome
c. Balint’s syndrome
d. Wernicke’s syndrome
c. Balint’s syndrome
Balint’s syndrome is characterized by what symptoms?
a. misdirected reaching for an object with intact perception (optic ataxia)
b. impaired visual scanning. Unable to maintain gaze on object, unable to visually orient to movement or newly appearing visual stimulus (ocular Apraxia)
c. only being able to perceive one object at a time (simultanagnosia)
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
