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Clases (9th) > Bio Unit 2 Study Guide > Flashcards

Bio Unit 2 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary difference between organic and inorganic compounds?

A

Organic compounds contain both carbon and hydrogen, while inorganic compounds contain neither.

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2
Q

Based on this information, using your outside knowledge, give an example of an inorganic compound.

A

Carbon dioxide, because it doesn’t have carbon to hydrogen bonds.

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3
Q

What did scientists once think about organic compounds that we now know are false?

A

It used to be thought that organic compounds could only be produced by living things, however now we know that that isn’t the case.

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4
Q

Identify and describe the simplest organic compound

A

Methane is the simplest organic compound and is represented by the structure of CH4.

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5
Q

Distinguish between a monomer and a polymer.

A

A monomer is a single unit; A polymer is many units/monomers (Ex: Protein is the polymer, and amino acids are it’s monomer)

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6
Q

Describe what happens in a dehydration synthesis.

A

It’s when monomers join together to become a larger molecule through the release of water. For example the dehydration of alcohol produces alkene and water.

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7
Q

Describe what happens in a hydrolysis reaction.

A

It breaks down polymers into their monomers with the addition of water. (Polymers + Water -> Monomers)

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8
Q

Why are the names of each of these reactions (dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis) appropriate to what happens in the reaction?

A

Dehydration is related to literally dehydrating which is taking the water out of something, and to synthesize something to to bring multiple things together. So dehydration synthesis is literally monomers joining together through the release of water (release/producing water).

A molecule of water (Hydro) is used to split apart (lyse) a polymer.

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9
Q

Carbohydrates and lipids are both made up of the same three elements. How could you identify a molecule as a carbohydrate or a lipid if all you knew was its molecular formula?

A

Because in lipids the ratio of hydrogen and oxygen is much greater (2:1).

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10
Q

What is the subunit / monomer of a carbohydrate?

A

monosaccharides

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11
Q

What is the subunit / monomer of a lipid?

A

glycerol

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12
Q

What is the subunit / monomer of a protein?

A

amino acid

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13
Q

What is the subunit / monomer of a nucleic acid?

A

nucleotide(s)

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14
Q

Distinguish between the three different types of fatty acids.

A

Saturated fats have no double bonds between carbon atoms (tends to be solid at room temp).
Monounsaturated fats only have one double bond between carbons.
And polyunsaturated fats have multiple carbon double bonds (unsaturated fats are liquid at room temp).

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15
Q

Some lipids act as hormones. What role do hormones play in the human body?

A

Hormones are chemical messengers, so from the bloodstream they communicate with the body heading towards a specific cell to change it.

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16
Q

Some proteins act as catalysts. What role do catalysts play in the human body?

A

Catalysts ( a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction) do everything, like creating signals that move your limbs and helping digest your food.

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17
Q

Distinguish between the two types of nucleic acids.

A

DNA is an essential molecule that stores genetic info of virtually every living thing. While RNA carries out the DNA’s instructions by leading the cell through protein synthesis (when cells make proteins).

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18
Q

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

A

sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base

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19
Q

What is the formula for water?

A

H2O-2 hydrogen, 1 oxygen (looks like Mickey Mouse)

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20
Q

What does it mean that water is polar?

A

Oxygen is negative, hydrogen is positive, creating a weak charge (2 magnets attracted to each other)

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21
Q

What does hydrogen bonds have to do with water’s structure?

A

It’s the weak attraction between the slightly positive hydrogen of one water molecule and the slightly negative oxygen of another water molecule (what holds water molecules together)

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22
Q

What is cohesion?

A

An attraction (sticking together) between molecules of the same substance. Water is more cohesive than other liquids, also why it beads up.

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23
Q

What is adhesion?

A

An attraction (stick together) between molecules of different substances

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24
Q

What is capillary action?

A

Water climbing up narrow tubes because of adhesion and cohesion

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25
Q

What is surface tension?

A

A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid/water. Because of the hydrogen bonds water stays together and has a high surface tension (why small insects can “walk” on water).

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26
Q

What does specific heat have to do with water?

A

Water has a really high specific heat to evaporate. It take a lot of energy to raise the temp of water.

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27
Q

What does vaporization have to do with water?

A

Water absorbs heat/energy when it evaporates (why a balloon with water doesn’t pop for much longer than a balloon without).

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28
Q

What does it mean by water being a universal solvent?

A

It’s able to dissolve substances that are polar or water loving. But water can’t dissolve non-polar substances like oils.

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29
Q

What is the density of water?

A

Water is less dense as a solid than liquid (why ice floats in water). Because hydrogen bonds in ice are more stable, they are spread further apart.

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30
Q

What are the four categories of organic molecules which form the basis of all living things?

A

Carbs, lipids, proteins and Nucleic Acids

31
Q

All of the organic molecules are based on which element?

A

Carbon

32
Q

What determines how organic molecules will look and behave?

A

Their shape (Ex: the order of amino acids in a protein will determine the shape and function of the protein)

33
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

The simplest form of sugars, can’t be split.

34
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

When two monosaccharides join together

35
Q

what is a polysaccharide?

A

When more than two monosaccharides join together.

36
Q

What are the three classes of carbohydrates?

A

Starch, Glycogen, and Cellulose

37
Q

What class of carbs involves food storage in animals?

A

Glycogen

38
Q

What class of carbs involves structural support in plants?

A

Cellulose

39
Q

What class of carbs involves food storage in plants?

A

Starch

40
Q

What is the building block of lipids?

A

Fats, and oils

41
Q

What are the two examples of Lipids?

A

Saturated and unsaturated fats

42
Q

What’s the solubility of lipids?

A

it will dissolve in oil but not water Because lipids are non-polar and have oil in them so they dot mix with water

43
Q

What are the two functions of Proteins?

A

They act as hormones and enzymes, and determine how our bodies look and function

44
Q

What is the name of the bond that joins amino acids?

A

A dehydration link called a peptide bond

45
Q

What determines the shape and function of a protein?

A

The sequence and shape of the R groups

46
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

A

DNA & RNA

47
Q

What is the role of DNA?

A

The DNA is the blueprint of life, it contains instructions on how to make proteins in the body

48
Q

What is the role of RNA?

A

RNA carries out the instructions from the DNA to the cytoplasm where the protein is actually made

49
Q

What are the three parts of Nucleic Acids monomer? (Nucleotide)

A

A five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base

50
Q

What does it mean if you have more hydroxide [OH-] ions?

A

The substance is a base

51
Q

What does a base mean?

A

An atom that really likes bonding with hydrogen

52
Q

What does it mean if you have more hydrogen [H+] ions?

A

The substance is an acid

53
Q

Whats the structure of DNA?

A

A spiral rod shape

54
Q

What are the rails of the DNA ladder made of?

A

Sugar & Phosphates

55
Q

How many and what are the DNA bases?

A

There are four, they’re ‘A’, ‘T’, ‘C’, and ‘G’

56
Q

What are two differences between DNA & RNA?

A

Sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, sugar in RNA is ribose, and DNA is double helix, RNA is one strand

57
Q

What are two similarities between DNA & RNA?

A

They’re both formed from monomers, and they have four nitrogen bases

58
Q

What are Cofactors & Coenzymes?

A

Typically vitamins and minerals that helps enzymes do their job (of breaking down substrates)

59
Q

What are enzymes?

A

A biological catalyst (almost always a protein) that speeds up a chemical reaction. It’s not destroyed and used over and over again. They bond with substrates

60
Q

What is a substrate?

A

The surface where an organism lives or the substance where an enzyme acts (a surface where a chemical and biological reaction occur)

61
Q

What factors affect Enzymes?

A

Temp, PH, Enzyme and substrate concentration

62
Q

What is Induced fit?

A

Once a substrate fits into an enzyme it changes shape to have a tighter fit

63
Q

What is active site?

A

The folds on the enzymes surface where the substrate fits

64
Q

What’s an endothermic reaction?

A

Energy absorbing reactions

65
Q

What’s an exothermic reaction?

A

Energy releasing reactions

66
Q

What is a competitive inhibitor?

A

Something that interferes with the active site of the enzyme so the substrate can’t bind

67
Q

How do Enzymes speed up chemical reactions?

A

They lower activation energy

68
Q

What does it mean when we say a protein or enzyme has denatured?

A

Denatured means it has broken down because the temp of PH wasn’t suitable conditions.

69
Q

Describe what happens in competitive inhibition.

A

Competitive inhibition is when a substrate and another molecule are fighting to bind with the enzyme. (So the inhibitor molecule and substrate compete to bind to the enzyme’s active site).

70
Q

Whats the duodenum?

A

The first section of the small intestine that continues to break down food

71
Q

What does bile do?

A

Bile is a fluid released by the liver that breaks down fats into fatty acids and carries waste

72
Q

What does the mouth do?

A

It breaks down starch into glucose and moistens smaller pieces of food

73
Q
A

Clases (9th) (5 decks)

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