Bio Unit 2 general

Question 1

receptor proteins

Answer 1

docking sites for arrivals at the cell ex. hormones

Question 1

adhesion proteins

Answer 1

form junctions between adjacent cells

Question 2

transport proteins

Answer 2

form pumps that use ATP to actively transport solutes across the membrane

Question 3

channel proteins

Answer 3

form channels that selectively allow the passage of certain ions or molecules

Question 4

cell surface markers

Answer 4

exposed on the extracellular surface and play a role in cell recognition and adhesion ex. glycoproteins

Question 5

hypotonic

Answer 5

when there is not as much solute in the cell, less solute, higher water potential, water would flow out of this b/c high concentration H2O

Question 6

hypertonic

Answer 6

a solution with a higher concentration of solute than the cell, decreases water potential, water would flow in b/c low concentration of water

Question 7

fluid mosaic model of cell membrane

Answer 7

composed of phospholipids, proteins, and carbs, fluid, flexible

Question 8

as a cell grows…

Answer 8

it will always have more cells not Larger sized cells

Question 9

how can cells increase SA?

Answer 9

folds or protrusions
ex. spheres, sheeted cells, intestinal cells

Question 10

water potential

Answer 10

the likelihood of water to move across a membrane, the less stuff the more likely things will move across the membrane (ex. less solution)

Question 11

water potential of pure water

Answer 11

0 bars

Question 12

how pressure affects water potential

Answer 12

increases potential, will be positive

Question 13

how dissolving solute affects water potential

Answer 13

decreases h2o potential, will be negative

Question 14

when does pressure potential appear in water potential equation

Answer 14

when there is a cell wall

Question 15

when is the ionization constant 1

Answer 15

when it does not become an ion when it dissolved

Question 16

when is the ionization constant 2

Answer 16

when it becomes an ion when it is dissolved

Question 17

isotonic solution

Answer 17

concentrations are equal inside and outside of cell, nothing flows in or out

Question 18

sodium-potassium pump

Answer 18

active, molecular transport, used to reset a cell after a signal comes, sodium embedded in pump, phosphate breaks off of ATP, this causes pump to change shape and face outside of cell, NA goes out, then phosphate breaks off causing pump to face the inside and K is let in

Question 19

proton pump

Answer 19

type of protein pump, molecular transport, active, moves hydrogen ions in and out of the cell, changes pH of cells/organelles/organs, pH gradient is impacted
ex. the more hydrogen = acid, so low pH

Question 20

active transport

Answer 20

energy required, controlled by ATP

Question 21

passive transport

Answer 21

controlled by concentration gradients and water potential

Question 22

bulk transport

Answer 22

a form of active transport, lots of cells all at once

Question 23

molecular transport

Answer 23

only a few molecules at once

Question 24

types of bulk transport

Answer 24

endocytosis and exocytosis

Question 25

types of molecular transport

Answer 25

protein pump
ex. proton pump, sodium potassium pump

Question 26

types of endocytosis

Answer 26

pinocytosis and phagocytosis

Question 27

diffusion

Answer 27

things moving from a high to low concentration

Question 28

simple diffusion

Answer 28

when things can just simply pass through the phospholipid bilayer, must be small and non-polar
ex. O2 co2

Question 29

facilitated diffusion

Answer 29

crossing the phospholipid bilayer via channel or carrier proteins

Question 30

osmosis

Answer 30

facilitated diffusion of water molecules across the phospholipid bilayer through aquaporins

Question 31

aquaporins

Question 32

osmosis in plant cell

Answer 32

osmosis changes due to cell wall, when cell is hypotonic (just water) then water pushes on cell wall, wall pushes back, tugor pressure, pressure potential increases and stops osmosis

Question 33

tugor pressure

Answer 33

when cell wall pushes back on vacuole, increases pressure potential

Question 34

key differences between passive and active

Answer 34

passive: cell lacks control, reliant on concentration gradient, goal is always balance (equilibrium)
active: cell has much more control, goal is imbalance
ex. trying to reach a very high concentration

Question 35

channel protein

Answer 35

brings in solutions (things dissolved in h2o), cell cannot open/close, just moves through until at equilibrium, specific to certain molecules

Question 36

carrier proteins

Answer 36

narrow and specific shape, brings in molecules (not dissolved in h2o), very slightly changes shape, things move through until equilibrium, specific things through only

Question 37

key difference between channel and carrier proteins

Answer 37

channel proteins cannot open and close, carrier proteins have a narrow and specific shape and very slightly changes shape to let molecules through

Question 38

molecules that can pass through phospholipid protein w/o help

Answer 38

steroid hormones, CO2, O2

Question 39

phagocytosis

Answer 39

pulling in solid materials, these particles contained in own vacuole ex. food vacuole

Question 40

pinocytosis

Answer 40

pulling in liquid (extracellular liquid), contained in own vesicle once through membrane

Question 41

receptor mediated endocytosis

Answer 41

vesicle formed in very specific, based off of signal in cell

Question 42

evidence of endosymbiotic theory

Answer 42

plant organelles use fission to separate just like prokaryotes, mitochondria and chloroplasts both have own circular DNA and distinct ribosomes both separate from cell, both have 2 membranes, sometimes specific antibiotics affect mitochondrial activity (usually used to fight prok. bacteria)