Bio Unit 2 Cells

Question 1

eukaryotic cells

Answer 1

more complex, contains DNA surrounded in Nuclear Envelope to form nucleus, organelles in cytoplasm, cell membrane (animal), cell wall (plants), large (10-100 um)

Question 2

domains of eukaryotic cells

Answer 2

plants, animals, fungi, protists

Question 3

cilia

Answer 3

tiny arms, made of microtubules

Question 4

flagella

Answer 4

one long tail, made of microtubules

Question 5

microtubules

Answer 5

long protein fibers

Question 6

structure of eukaryotic cells

Answer 6

9 pairs of microtubules form a ring around 2 central microtubules (9 + 2 structure)

Question 7

cell membrane

Answer 7

squishy, encloses cell content, selective permeability

Question 8

cytoplasm

Answer 8

inside is cytoskeleton, contains centrosomes

Question 9

centrosomes

Answer 9

assemble microtubules

Question 10

structure endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 10

maze like system of membrane, tubes + pockets

Question 11

2 regions of ER

Answer 11

smooth and rough ER

Question 12

rough ER

Answer 12

makes protein for secretions, creating transport vesicles filled w/ proteins, + create membrane for cells and organelles, looks bumpy because has ribosomes attached to it

Question 13

smooth ER

Answer 13

no ribose, factory warehouse, contains enzymes to make lipids, cell detox, stores calcium ions, metabolizes carbs

Question 14

ribosomes

Answer 14

includes RNA, complex ribosomal RNA + protein (rRNA)

Question 15

function of ribosomes

Answer 15

to carry out protein synthesis, cells that produce lots of protein have a high volume of ribosomes ex. pancreatic cells

Question 16

2 classifications of ribosomes

Answer 16

1. free ribosomes
2. attached/bond ribosomes

Question 17

free ribosomes

Answer 17

suspended in cytosol, they make proteins that function throughout the cell

Question 18

attached/bond ribosomes

Answer 18

attached to ER or nuclear envelope, make proteins for membranes, organelles, or export from cell, specific job unlike free ribosomes

Question 19

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 19

post office of the cell, protein processing and packaging, sends products out, made up of stacks of membraneous layer

Question 20

structure of golgi

Answer 20

stack of squished bubbles made of membrane (phospholipid bilayer)

Question 21

function of golgi

Answer 21

modifies projects from ER, package and send to final destinations, manufacture molecules (assembly of starch molecules, glycoprotein assembly)

Question 22

golgi bodies

Answer 22

membraneous layers, make up golgi, cut up larger proteins (smaller hormones), combine proteins w/ carbs to make molecules, finish creation of lysosomes

Question 23

glycoprotein assmebly

Answer 23

golgi edit proteins from ER and adds Carbs, then sends to cell membrane

Question 24

vesicles

Answer 24

coming and going from Golgi, holding new material, phospholipid walls

Question 25

lysosomes

Answer 25

cell digestion, enzyme sacks, cell waste into building material

Question 26

nucleus

Answer 26

stores cells DNA, tells other cells what to do

Question 27

chromatin

Answer 27

holds DNA, cell division into chromosomes

Question 28

nucleolus

Answer 28

makes rRNA, mRNA into ribosomes

Question 29

mitochondria

Answer 29

cell

Question 30

characteristics of all cells

Answer 30

-ribosomes in use
-surrounded by plasma membrane
-cytoplasm fills them
-contains chromosomes

Question 31

domain of prokaryotic cells

Answer 31

bacteria, archea

Question 32

prokaryotic cells

Answer 32

less complex, DNA is concentrated in region of the cytoplasm called nucleoid (no real nucleus), no organelles just specialized regions, small (.1-5 um)

Question 33

endomembrane system

Answer 33

specialized membranes, that make organelle

Question 34

what does the endomembrane system include

Answer 34

nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lisosomes, plasma membrane, various vacuoles and vescicles

Question 35

function of endomembrane system

Answer 35

to manage the organic (non-energy) materials in a cell ex. protein synthesis

Question 36

structure vacuoles

Answer 36

a membrane container, defined by whats in it, filled w/ various contents from any # of places: ER, golgi, cell membrane

Question 37

function vacuole

Answer 37

varies based on cell type and cell function:
-stores food from phagocytosis
-pump water out in paramecium
-stores things like proteins (seeds), starch (fruits), pigment (flowers)

Question 37

contractile vacuoles

Answer 37

remove water from paramecium

Question 38

phagocytosis

Answer 38

cells absorbing or eating new material

Question 39

enzymatic hydrolysis

Answer 39

vacuoles preform this in plants to break down things into monomers

Question 40

central vacuole

Answer 40

only in plants, holds sap or water to give structure to plant cells

Question 41

structure lysosomes

Answer 41

vesicle filled with hydrolytic enzymes- does hydrolysis

Question 42

function lysosomes

Answer 42

digestion- breaking down monomers of polymers inside of cells
-breakdown of old/unneeded organelles
-digestion of food vacuoles (single cell simple organelles)
-fights invaders/bacteria (white blood cells)

Question 43

cellular energetics

Answer 43

mitochondria, chloroplasts

Question 44

structure mitochondria

Answer 44

outer membrane, surrounding an inner membrane that is folded and embedded with proteins, folded membranes increases surface area for more chemical reactions

Question 45

function mitochondria

Answer 45

generates ATP using oxygen to extract energy from sugars through Cellular Respiration

Question 46

structure chloroplasts

Answer 46

lense shape outer membrane surrounds an inner membrane that is filled w/ stacks of disks and tubes

Question 47

function chloroplasts

Answer 47

photosynthesis

Question 48

photosynthesis

Answer 48

conversion of solar energy into chemical energy by absorbing sunlight to drive the production of sugars