bio unit 1

Question 1

macromolecules

Answer 1

large amount of molecules

Question 2

polymers

Answer 2

chain of molecules not limited in length, a bunch of monomers

Question 3

dehydration synthesis

Answer 3

monomer bonds to monomer with a covalent bond, H + OH removed from the monomers, so water is a byproduct, result is a polymer

Question 4

hydrolysis

Answer 4

polymers broken down into monomers, covalent bonds broken, water is hydrolyzed, H + OH subcomponents are added back to either monomer, reverse of dehydration synthesis

Question 5

organic molecules

Answer 5

nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids

Question 6

carbs

Answer 6

C,H,O

Question 7

function of carbohydrates

Answer 7

energy storage, structure of the cell, cellular communication

Question 8

structure of carbs

Answer 8

3+ carbons, 2+ oxygens, multiple hydrogens

Question 9

monosaccharide

Answer 9

monomer of carbs, contain C,H,O in a 1:2:1 ratio

Question 10

polysaccharide

Answer 10

polymer of carbs, long chains of monosaccharides

Question 11

glucose chains examples

Answer 11

glycogen, starch, cellulose

Question 12

structure and function of starch

Answer 12

stores energy, digested v. easily, can dissolve

Question 13

structure and function of cellulose

Answer 13

makes cell walls, not easily digested, cannot dissolve

Question 14

why are starch and cellulose so different if their components are so similar?

Answer 14

in starch every glucose is oriented in the same direction, in cellulose every other glucose is flipped upside down in 180*

Question 15

proteins

Answer 15

C,H,O,N,(S)

Question 16

monomer of proteins

Answer 16

amino acids

Question 17

polymer of proteins

Answer 17

amino acid chains, polypeptides, proteins

Question 18

structure of amino acid

Answer 18

amino group, R group, carboxyl group, connected via peptide bond

Question 19

peptide bond

Answer 19

forms between C of carboxyl group of 1 amino acid, and the N of the amino group of another amino acid

Question 20

4 levels of protein structure

Answer 20

1. Primary Structure
2. Secondary Structure
3. Tertiary Structure
4. Quaternary Structure

Question 21

Primary Structure

Answer 21

specific sequence of amino acids (w/ peptide bonds)

Question 22

Secondary Structure

Answer 22

based on backbone interactions that will create helices or pleat shapes due to hydrogen bonds

Question 23

tertiary structure

Answer 23

r group interactions, influence overall structure + shape of the protein

Question 24

disulfide bonds

Answer 24

form between the 2 amino acids w/ sulfur, this is the strongest r group interaction

Question 25

r-group characteristics

Answer 25

significant if protein mutations occur, if the properties change then so does the shape of the protein, if the shape changes then the function does too

Question 26

quaternary structure

Answer 26

protein complexes form when 2 or more polypeptides work together

Question 27

Nucleic Acids

Answer 27

C,H,O,N,P

Question 28

monomer of nucleic acids

Answer 28

nucleotide

Question 29

structure of nucleotide

Answer 29

pentose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

Question 30

purine

Answer 30

nitrogenous base with 2 rings ex. adenine and guanine

Question 31

pyrimidines

Answer 31

nitrogenous base with 1 ring ex. cytosine, thymine, uracil

Question 32

ATP

Answer 32

adenosine triphosphate, a nucleotide of a nucleic acid, a monomer but does not bond with other ATPs to make a polymer

Question 33

function of ATP

Answer 33

energy currency, holds onto energy for a little while and then spends it

Question 34

structure of ATP

Answer 34

ribose sugar, nitrogenous base (always Adenine), 3 phosphate groups

Question 35

polymers of nucleic acid

Answer 35

DNA + RNA

Question 36

structure of DNA + RNA

Answer 36

double/ single helix

Question 37

function of DNA + RNA

Answer 37

to store information, stored as a specific sequence of nitrogenous bases