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Bio U5 Flashcards

1
Q

Formation of glucose (photosynthesis)

A

6CO2 + 6H2O ➡️ C6H12O6 + O2

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2
Q

What is a morphogen

A

Substance that governs the pattern of tissue development by activating the homeobox genes

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3
Q

What are transcription factors

A

Polypeptides expressed by homeobox genes that bind to other genes further along the DNA from homeobox genes and switch them on

Influence the development of the embryo

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4
Q

Maternal effect genes

A

Determine the embryos polarity

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5
Q

Segmentation genes

A

Determine the polarity of each body segment

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6
Q

Define mutation

A

Change to the base sequence of DNA

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7
Q

Define mutation

A

Change to the base sequence of DNA

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8
Q

Gene

A

Sequence of DNA coding for a single polypeptide

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9
Q

Allele

A

Different version of a gene

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10
Q

Genotype

A

Alleles an organism has

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11
Q

Phenotype

A

Characteristics produced by alleles

Observable characteristics

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12
Q

Dominant

A

Allele whose characteristics appear in the phenotype even if it’s one copy

Shown by a capital letter

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13
Q

Recessive

A

Allele who’s characteristics are shown in the phenotype if there are two copies

Shown by lower case

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14
Q

Codominant

A

Alleles both expressed in the phenotype

Neither one is recessive

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15
Q

Locus

A

Fixed position of a gene on a chromosome

Alleles of a gene are found at the same locus on each chromosome in a pair

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16
Q

Homozygote

A

Organism that carries two copies if the same allele

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17
Q

Heterozygote

A

Organism carrying two different alleles

Bb

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18
Q

Carrier

A

Person carrying an allele which is not expressed in the phenotype but can be passed on to the offspring

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19
Q

Monohybrid phenotypic ratio

A

3:1

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20
Q

Dihybrid phenotypic ratio

A

9:3:3:1

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21
Q

Codominant phenotypic ratio

A

1:2:1

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22
Q

Epistatic recessive allele ratio

A

9:3:4

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23
Q

Dominant Epistatic allele ratio

A

12:3:1

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24
Q

Epistasis

A

Interaction of genes concerned with the expression of one characteristic

One gene may mask the expression of another gene

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25
Continuous variation
Individuals in a population vary within a range No distinct categories
26
Discontinuous variation
Two or more distinct categories Each individual falls into ONE category -there are no intermediates
27
Homeotic selector genes
Specify the identity of each segment and direct the development of individual body segments
28
Hardy Weinberg principle
Predicts the frequency of alleles in a population won't change from one generation to the next ``` Only true if: Large populations No immigration No emigration No mutations No natural selection Needs to be random mating ```
29
Hardy Weinberg equation to predict allele frequency
p+q=1 p=frequency of dominant allele q=frequency of recessive allele
30
Hardy Weinberg equation to predict the genotype frequency
(p) 2+2pq+(q)2=1 (p) 2= frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype 2pq=frequency of heterozygous genotype (q)2= frequency of homozygous recessive genotype
31
What is p stand for in the hardy Weinberg principle for allele frequencies
Frequency for dominant allele
32
What does q stand for in the hard Weinberg principle for allele frequencies
Frequency of recessive allele
33
p2 for genotype frequencies
Frequency of homozygous dominant genotype
34
2pq for genotype frequency
Frequency for heterozygous genotype
35
q2 for genotype frequency
Frequency for homozygous genotype
36
Species
Group of organisms that can breed to reproduce fertile offspring
37
Speciation
Development of a new species
38
When does speciation occur
When populations of the same species become reproductively isolated
39
Phylogenetics
The study of the evolutionary history of groups of organisms
40
Cloning
Process of producing genetically identical cells or organisms from cells of an existing organism
41
Reproductive cloning
Cloning used to make a complete organism genetically identical to another organism
42
Non reproductive cloning
Cloning used to make embryonic stem cells that are genetically identical to another organism
43
Advantages of cloning
Desirable genetic characteristics are always passed on to clones Infertile animals can reproduce Animals can be cloned at any time
44
Disadvantages to cloning
Undesirable genetic characteristics are always passed on Reproductive cloning can be time consuming, expensive, and difficult Clones may not live long
45
What are ethical issues with human cloning
Embryos are destroyed after harvesting the stem cells which is beloved by some to be destroying a human life Cloned humans may have a lower quality of life Cloning humans undermines natural sexual reproduction and traditional family structures
46
Vegetative propagation
Natural production of plant clones from non-reproductive tissues
47
Advantages of plant cloning
Desirable characteristics are ways passed on Plants can reproduce in any season because tissue culture is carried out indoors Sterile plants can be reproduced Plants can reproduce quickly
48
Disadvantages of plant cloning
Undesirable genetic characteristics are always passed on Cloned populations have no genetic variability Production costs a very high due to high energy use and training workers
49
Outline artificially cloning through nuclear transfer
Body cell take from sheep A-nucleus extracted and kept Egg cell is taken from sheep B and enucleated Nucleus from A is inserted into enucleated egg cell from B Egg cell stimulated to divide In REPRODUCTIVE CLONING embryo is implanted into surrogate mother. Offspring produced genetically identical to A In NON-REPRODUCTIVE CLONING stem cells are harvested from the embryo. Stem cells are genetically identical to A
50
How is bacteria used to produce human insulin
Gene for human insulin is identified and isolated using restriction enzymes Plasmid is cut open using the same restriction enzymes that's was used to isolate the insulin gene The insulin gene is inserted into the plasmid and form RECOMBINANT DNA Plasmid is take up by bacteria and any transformed bacteria are identified using marker genes Bacteria is grown in a fermenter and human insulin is produced as they grow and divide The human insulin is extracted and purified for human use
51
Outline the process used to make golden rice
psy gene and crtl gene are isolated using restriction enzymes Plasmid is removed from the agrobacterium tumefaciens bacterium and cut open with the same restriction enzymes Psy, crtl and a marker gene are inserted into the plasmid The recombinant plasmid is put back into the bacterium Rice plants are incubated with the transformed a. Tumefaciens bacteria which infect the rice plants A. Tumefaciens inserts the gene into the plant cells fan creating transformed rice plant cells Rice plants are grown on a selective medium where only transformed rice plants will be able to grow because they contain the marker gene needed to grow on this medium
52
Xenotransplantation
Transfer if cells, tissues, or orphans from one species to another
53
Ecosystem
All organism living in a particular area and their non-living conditions
54
Habitat
Place where and a organism lives
55
Population
All the organisms of one species in a habitat
56
Abiotic factors
Non living ratites of the ecosystem
57
Biotic factors
Livin features of the ecosystem
58
Producer
An organism that produces organic molecules using sunlight energy
59
Consumer
Organism that eats other organisms
60
Decomposer
Organism that breaks down dead or undigested organic material
61
Trophic level
A stage in a food chain occupied by a particular group of organisms

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