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study cards > Bio U5 > Flashcards

Bio U5 Flashcards

1
Q

Formation of glucose (photosynthesis)

A

6CO2 + 6H2O ➡️ C6H12O6 + O2

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2
Q

What is a morphogen

A

Substance that governs the pattern of tissue development by activating the homeobox genes

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3
Q

What are transcription factors

A

Polypeptides expressed by homeobox genes that bind to other genes further along the DNA from homeobox genes and switch them on

Influence the development of the embryo

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4
Q

Maternal effect genes

A

Determine the embryos polarity

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5
Q

Segmentation genes

A

Determine the polarity of each body segment

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6
Q

Define mutation

A

Change to the base sequence of DNA

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7
Q

Define mutation

A

Change to the base sequence of DNA

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8
Q

Gene

A

Sequence of DNA coding for a single polypeptide

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9
Q

Allele

A

Different version of a gene

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10
Q

Genotype

A

Alleles an organism has

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11
Q

Phenotype

A

Characteristics produced by alleles

Observable characteristics

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12
Q

Dominant

A

Allele whose characteristics appear in the phenotype even if it’s one copy

Shown by a capital letter

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13
Q

Recessive

A

Allele who’s characteristics are shown in the phenotype if there are two copies

Shown by lower case

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14
Q

Codominant

A

Alleles both expressed in the phenotype

Neither one is recessive

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15
Q

Locus

A

Fixed position of a gene on a chromosome

Alleles of a gene are found at the same locus on each chromosome in a pair

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16
Q

Homozygote

A

Organism that carries two copies if the same allele

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17
Q

Heterozygote

A

Organism carrying two different alleles

Bb

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18
Q

Carrier

A

Person carrying an allele which is not expressed in the phenotype but can be passed on to the offspring

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19
Q

Monohybrid phenotypic ratio

A

3:1

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20
Q

Dihybrid phenotypic ratio

A

9:3:3:1

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21
Q

Codominant phenotypic ratio

A

1:2:1

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22
Q

Epistatic recessive allele ratio

A

9:3:4

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23
Q

Dominant Epistatic allele ratio

A

12:3:1

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24
Q

Epistasis

A

Interaction of genes concerned with the expression of one characteristic

One gene may mask the expression of another gene

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25
Q

Continuous variation

A

Individuals in a population vary within a range

No distinct categories

26
Q

Discontinuous variation

A

Two or more distinct categories

Each individual falls into ONE category -there are no intermediates

27
Q

Homeotic selector genes

A

Specify the identity of each segment and direct the development of individual body segments

28
Q

Hardy Weinberg principle

A

Predicts the frequency of alleles in a population won’t change from one generation to the next

Only true if: 
Large populations 
No immigration 
No emigration 
No mutations 
No natural selection 
Needs to be random mating
29
Q

Hardy Weinberg equation to predict allele frequency

A

p+q=1

p=frequency of dominant allele
q=frequency of recessive allele

30
Q

Hardy Weinberg equation to predict the genotype frequency

A

(p) 2+2pq+(q)2=1
(p) 2= frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype

2pq=frequency of heterozygous genotype

(q)2= frequency of homozygous recessive genotype

31
Q

What is p stand for in the hardy Weinberg principle for allele frequencies

A

Frequency for dominant allele

32
Q

What does q stand for in the hard Weinberg principle for allele frequencies

A

Frequency of recessive allele

33
Q

p2 for genotype frequencies

A

Frequency of homozygous dominant genotype

34
Q

2pq for genotype frequency

A

Frequency for heterozygous genotype

35
Q

q2 for genotype frequency

A

Frequency for homozygous genotype

36
Q

Species

A

Group of organisms that can breed to reproduce fertile offspring

37
Q

Speciation

A

Development of a new species

38
Q

When does speciation occur

A

When populations of the same species become reproductively isolated

39
Q

Phylogenetics

A

The study of the evolutionary history of groups of organisms

40
Q

Cloning

A

Process of producing genetically identical cells or organisms from cells of an existing organism

41
Q

Reproductive cloning

A

Cloning used to make a complete organism genetically identical to another organism

42
Q

Non reproductive cloning

A

Cloning used to make embryonic stem cells that are genetically identical to another organism

43
Q

Advantages of cloning

A

Desirable genetic characteristics are always passed on to clones

Infertile animals can reproduce

Animals can be cloned at any time

44
Q

Disadvantages to cloning

A

Undesirable genetic characteristics are always passed on

Reproductive cloning can be time consuming, expensive, and difficult

Clones may not live long

45
Q

What are ethical issues with human cloning

A

Embryos are destroyed after harvesting the stem cells which is beloved by some to be destroying a human life

Cloned humans may have a lower quality of life

Cloning humans undermines natural sexual reproduction and traditional family structures

46
Q

Vegetative propagation

A

Natural production of plant clones from non-reproductive tissues

47
Q

Advantages of plant cloning

A

Desirable characteristics are ways passed on

Plants can reproduce in any season because tissue culture is carried out indoors

Sterile plants can be reproduced

Plants can reproduce quickly

48
Q

Disadvantages of plant cloning

A

Undesirable genetic characteristics are always passed on

Cloned populations have no genetic variability

Production costs a very high due to high energy use and training workers

49
Q

Outline artificially cloning through nuclear transfer

A

Body cell take from sheep A-nucleus extracted and kept

Egg cell is taken from sheep B and enucleated

Nucleus from A is inserted into enucleated egg cell from B

Egg cell stimulated to divide

In REPRODUCTIVE CLONING embryo is implanted into surrogate mother. Offspring produced genetically identical to A

In NON-REPRODUCTIVE CLONING stem cells are harvested from the embryo. Stem cells are genetically identical to A

50
Q

How is bacteria used to produce human insulin

A

Gene for human insulin is identified and isolated using restriction enzymes

Plasmid is cut open using the same restriction enzymes that’s was used to isolate the insulin gene

The insulin gene is inserted into the plasmid and form RECOMBINANT DNA

Plasmid is take up by bacteria and any transformed bacteria are identified using marker genes

Bacteria is grown in a fermenter and human insulin is produced as they grow and divide

The human insulin is extracted and purified for human use

51
Q

Outline the process used to make golden rice

A

psy gene and crtl gene are isolated using restriction enzymes

Plasmid is removed from the agrobacterium tumefaciens bacterium and cut open with the same restriction enzymes

Psy, crtl and a marker gene are inserted into the plasmid

The recombinant plasmid is put back into the bacterium

Rice plants are incubated with the transformed a. Tumefaciens bacteria which infect the rice plants

A. Tumefaciens inserts the gene into the plant cells fan creating transformed rice plant cells

Rice plants are grown on a selective medium where only transformed rice plants will be able to grow because they contain the marker gene needed to grow on this medium

52
Q

Xenotransplantation

A

Transfer if cells, tissues, or orphans from one species to another

53
Q

Ecosystem

A

All organism living in a particular area and their non-living conditions

54
Q

Habitat

A

Place where and a organism lives

55
Q

Population

A

All the organisms of one species in a habitat

56
Q

Abiotic factors

A

Non living ratites of the ecosystem

57
Q

Biotic factors

A

Livin features of the ecosystem

58
Q

Producer

A

An organism that produces organic molecules using sunlight energy

59
Q

Consumer

A

Organism that eats other organisms

60
Q

Decomposer

A

Organism that breaks down dead or undigested organic material

61
Q

Trophic level

A

A stage in a food chain occupied by a particular group of organisms

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