Bio U4 Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

The outer membrane of the mitochondria

A

Contains proteins to transport PYRUVATE from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria

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2
Q

The inner membrane of the mitochondria

A

Highly folded into cristae to increase surface area, allowing more electron carriers to fit into the membrane

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3
Q

Define ANABOLISM

A

The building up of complex molecules from simpler ones

Amino acids to proteins

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4
Q

Define catabolism

A

The breaking down of complex molecules to simpler ones

Proteins to amino acids

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5
Q

Metabolic processes that need energy

A
Cell transport processes - active transport 
Muscle contractions 
DNA replications 
Protein synthesis 
Digestion
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6
Q

NAD

A

Coenzyme that accepts hydrogen and carries it to where it is needed.
NAD accepts hydrogen in glycolysis, the links reaction and the Krebs cycle and releases it at the electron transport chain (OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION)

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7
Q

Coenzyme A

CoA

A

Carries a ACETATE group from the link reaction to the KREBS CYCLE
Here the ACETATE group combines with OXALOACETATE to form CITRATE

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8
Q

Respiration

A

The process whereby energy stores in complex molecules is used to make ATP. Occurs in living cells

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9
Q

What are the four stages respiration occurs in

A

Glycolysis
The Link Reaction
Krebs Cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation

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10
Q

The last three stages of respiration only take place under …

A

Aerobic conditions

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11
Q

Under ANAEROBIC conditions PYRUVATE is…

A

Converted to either ETHANOL or LACTATE

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12
Q

Glycolysis

A

Happens in the CYTOPLASM of all cells
Doesn’t need O2 and can take place in aerobic or anaerobic conditions
During glycolysis, glucose-6C- is broken down into 2 molecules of PYRUVATE 3C

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13
Q

The link reaction

A

Happens in the MATRIX of the mitochondria
PYRUVATE is dehydrogenated and decarboxylated and converted into acetate
PYRUVATE is combines with coenzyme A to give acetylcoenzyme A (ACoA)

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14
Q

Krebs cycle

A

Takes place in the MATRIX of mitochondria
Citrate is converted back into OXALOACETATE
ACETATE is dehydrogenated and decarboxylated

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15
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

Takes place on the folded inner membranes (CRISTAE) of mitochondria
This is where ADP is phosphorylated into ATP

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16
Q

Products of glycolysis

A

2x PYRUVATE
2x NADH
Net gain of 2xATP

17
Q

Products of the Krebs Cycle

A

2x CO2
3x NADH
1x FADH2
1x ATP

18
Q

Process of oxidative phosphorylation

A

Hydrogen atoms from reduced NAD and FAD are split into protons and electrons and donated to the electron carriers

The electrons are passed along the chain of electron carriers and then donated to molecular oxygen-the final electron acceptor

Energy is released as the electrons flow across the electron transport chain and is used to pump the protons across the membrane into the inter-membrane space

This builds up a PROTON GRADIENT and an ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENT

this results in a build up of potential energy in the inter-membrane space and causes protons to diffuse through the channels associated with the enzyme ATP synthase - CHEMIOSMOSIS

flow of protons through the channel causes the enzyme to rotate leading to the production of ATP from ADP and an inorganic phosphate

Some hydrogen ions are also donated to molecular oxygen forming water

19
Q

What is CHEMIOSMOSIS

A

The flow of hydrogen ions through ATP synthase enzymes

Force of this flow allows the production of ATP

Occurs in the thylakoid membranes during the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis

Occurs across the inner mitochondrial membrane during oxidative phosphorylation in respiration

20
Q

Products of oxidative phosphorylation

A

H2O

ATP

21
Q

Define Oxidative phosphorylation

A

The formation of ATP by adding a phosphate group of ADP in the presence of oxygen (the final electron acceptor)

22
Q

How much ATP is made during oxidative phosphorylation

A

20-Krebs cycle
7-glycolysis
5- link reaction

=32 ATP made

23
Q

What are the two ways in which NAD can be reoxidised in eukaryotic cells

A

Fungi - ethanol fermentation

Animals - lactate fermentation

24
Q

Products of alcohol fermentation

A

CO2

Ethanol

25
Q

Products of lactate pathway

A

Lactate

26
Q

The Cori cycle

A

Lactate is produced during strenuous muscle activity and is taken up from blood plasma by the liver- where it is converted to PYRUVATE and then glucose/glycogen

The cori cycle rescues lactate and prevents the wasteful loss of some of it’s chemical bond energy

Prevents a potentially disastrous fall in plasma pH

27
Q

Define Respiratory substrate

A

Organic substrate that can be used in respiration

E.g glucose

28
Q

Respiratory quotient

A

Volume of O2 consumed

29
Q

RQ of glucose

A

1

30
Q

RQ of lipids

A

0.7

31
Q

RQ of protein

A

0.9

32
Q

Lower pH in the inter membrane space if the mitochondrial matrix

A

Because there are many H+ ions present

33
Q

The more negative potential on the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

Because the positive H+ ions have moved out of the matrix into the intermembrane space

34
Q

No ATP made in mitoblasts

A

H+ ions would spread out and the concentration gradient could not be established

35
Q

No ATP made if the headpieces are removed from the stalked particles

A

The headpieces contain ATP synthase which is needed for ATP production

36
Q

No ATP made in the presence of OLIGOMYCIN

A

OLIGOMYCIN inhibits the electron transport chain so not electrons can be transported

37
Q

The matrix of the mitochondrion

A

Contains all the enzymes and reactants needed for the Krebs cycle and link reaction