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Bio U4 Excretion Flashcards

1
Q

What are the effects of excess CO2

A

Excess CO2 is toxic

Reduces oxygen transport
Produces CARBAMINOHAEMOGLOBIN
Respiratory Acidosis

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2
Q

Function of the gallbladder

A

Stores BILE made by the liver

Bile emulsifies fats

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3
Q

Hepatocytes

A

Carry out hundreds of metabolic processes and the liver has a important role in homeostasis

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4
Q

Hepatic artery

A

Carries oxygenated blood from the heart

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5
Q

Hypatia portal vein

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the digestive system

Carries blood away from the liver

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6
Q

What are hepatocytes

A

Liver cells
👀remove some molecules from the blood and pass other molecules into the blood
👀contain many mitochondria needed for a large supply of ATP
👀contain many ribosomes for protein synthesis

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7
Q

Sinusoids

A

Where oxygenated blood from the HEPATIC ARTERY and deoxygenated blood from the HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN are mixed

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8
Q

Kupffer cells

A

Specialised macrophages involved in the breakdown and RECYCLING of old red blood cells.
One product of haemoglobin is the breakdown of bilirubin which gives faeces it’s brown colour

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9
Q

Break down of proteins

A

Amino acid->ammonia keto acid->urea

(Deammination) (Ornithine cycle)

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10
Q

Deamination

A

Amino acid+O2->ketoacid+ammonia

Ammonia is very toxic and very soluble

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11
Q

Ornithine cycle

A

NH3 + CO2 —>CO(NH2)2 + H2O

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12
Q

The liver has…

A

Many enzymes that render toxic molecules less toxic

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13
Q

Catalase

A

Converts hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water

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14
Q

Ethanol dehydrogenase

A

Breaks down ethanol to Ethanal

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15
Q

Outline detoxification

A

Ethanol->EthAnAl->ethanoic acid->ACETYL COENZYME A

ACETYL coenzyme A is non toxic and is used in respiration

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16
Q

What are the components of the nephron

A 
Glomerular Capillary 
PCT- proximal convoluted tubule 
Renal bowman's capsule 
Loop if Henle
Descending Limb
Ascending limb 
DCT- distal convoluted tubule 
collecting duct (releases urine)
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17
Q

Renal bowman’s capsule

A

Cup shaped structure that surround the glomerulus

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18
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule

A

Site of SELECTIVE REABSORPTION where certain substrates are reabsorbed

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19
Q

Loop of Henle

A

Loop that creates a counter current flow, and makes salt transfer between limbs more efficient

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20
Q

Distal convoluted tubule

A

Where SOME water is reabsorbed into the blood

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21
Q

Collecting duct

A

Site if A LOT of water reabsorption

22
Q

Afferent Arteriole

A

Brings blood to the glomerulus

23
Q

Glomerulus

A

Capillary network and site of ultrafiltration

24
Q

Efferent Arteriole

A

carries AWAY from the glomerulus

25
Peritubular
Surround the nephron | Some substances move from the filtrate back into the blood
26
Define Ultrafiltration
Filtration at the molecular level in the glomerulus of the kidneys
27
Outline ultrafiltration
The Afferent Arteriole has a WIDER DIAMETER than the Efferent Arteriole This difference in diameter creates a high HYDROSTATIC pressure in the glomerulus The high hydrostatic pressure forces some substances out of the blood. The pass through the PORES in the CAPILLARY across the BASEMENT MEMBRANE and through the PODOCYTES PODOCYTES have major processes which INCREASE surface area ⚡️proteins and red blood cells are too big to pass through ⚡️water, amino acids, glucose, urea, and ions can pass through
28
Outline selective reabsorption
Na+ is actively transported into the blood from the cells lining the PCT This lowers the concentration of Na+ inside these cells As a result Na+ moves from the filtrate into the cells through co-transporter proteins and brings glucose or a amino acid into the cell These are transported into the blood
29
Outline water reabsorption
Na+ and Cl- are actively transported out of the ascending limb This lowers the water potential of the blood surrounding the nephron and causes water to move out of the descending limb into the blood by osmosis. Water is unable to leave the ascending limb because it is impermeable to water This creates a very negative water potential in the base of the loop of Henle As a result, little Na+ and Cl- move out of the ascending limb by diffusion When the filtrate reaches then DCT the water potential is very high due to so much Na+ and Cl- being pumped out of the ascending limb Water is drawn out of the DCT and collecting duct depending on the level of ADH in the blood
30
Selective reabsorption | - where does most reabsorption occur
85% of filtrate is reabsorbed in the PCT cells lining the PCT are specialised to achieve this reabsorption
31
Outline The Hypothalamus and Posterior Pituitary
💭ADH is manufactured in the cell body of the neurosecretory cells. ADH flows down the axon to the terminal bulb in the posterior pituitary gland. Stored here until needed. 💭water potential of the blood is monitored by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus of the brain. These cells respond to the effect of osmosis. When water potential of the blood is very low the osmoreceptors lose water by osmosis. This causes them to shrink and stimulate the neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus. 💭when the neurosecretory cells are stimulated they send action potentials down their axons and cause the release of ADH
32
The effect of ADH on the collecting duct wall
ADH is detected by the cell receptors Enzyme controlled reactions Vesicles containing water permeable channels(aquaporins) fuse to the membrane More water is reabsorbed
33
Osmoregulation
The control of water levels and salt levels in the body
34
Antidiuretic hormone ADH
Released from the pituitary gland and acts on the collecting ducts in the kidneys to increase their reabsorption of water
35
Osmoreceptors
Receptor cells that monitor the water potential of the blood If the blood has a low water potential, water is moved out of the osmoreceptors cells by osmosis, causing them to shrink This causes stimulation of neurosecretory cells
36
Hypothalamus
part of the brain that contains neurosecretory cells and various receptors that monitor the blood
37
Neurosecretory cells
Are specialised cells that act like nerve cells but release hormones into the blood ADH is manufactured in the cell body and passes down the axon to be stored in the terminal bulb If an action potential passes down the axon then ADH is released from the terminal bulb
38
Posterior pituitary gland
Releases ADH
39
Fall in water potential
If the water content of the blood drops, the water potential drops This is detected by the osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus The POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND is stimulated to release MORE ADH into the blood More ADH means the collecting duct walls are more PERMEABLE so more water is reabsorbed I to the blood by osmosis Small amount of highly concentrated urine is produced and less water is lost
40
Rise is water potential
Water content rises so the water potential rises Detected by the osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND releases LESS ADH into the blood Less ADH means the collecting duct walls become less permeable so less water is reabsorbed into the blood by osmosis Large amount of dilute urine is produced and more water is lost
41
What are some reasons for kidney failure
Diabetes mellitus Hypertension Infection
42
What happens when kidneys fail completely
Body fills with extra water and waste products Hands and feet swell Patients feel tired and weak because body needs clean blood to work effectively If not treated could lead to death
43
What are benefits of the kidneys
They keep your blood composition constant Filter blood to remove excess water and waste products 1/4 of your blood supply passes through your kidneys each minute
44
Dialysis
Any substances in excess in the blood diffuse across the membrane and into the dialysis fluid (through artery) Any substances that are low in concentration diffuse into the blood from the dialysis fluid through diffusion An ANTICOAGULANT is added to the blood to prevent it from clotting a patient needs 3-4 dialysis sessions per week and last 4-5 hours each Blood and dialysis fluid move in opposite directions in a counter current flow to maintain a steep concentration gradient
45
Treatment of kidney failure through Transplant
The transfer of a healthy kidney from one person into the body of the patient Best chance of success is when the healthy kidney is taken from a LIVING RELATIVE as this reduces the chance of rejection. The body would recognise the new kidney as FOREIGN and eventually reject it
46
What are the advantages of a kidney transplant
1⃣Freedom from time consuming dialysis 2⃣less limited diet 3⃣feeling better physically 4⃣better quality of life 5⃣no longer seeing oneself as chronically ill
47
What are the disadvantages of kidney transplant
Need IMMUNE-SUPPRESSANTS for the life of the kidney Need major surgery under a general anaesthetic Risks of surgery include; infection, bleeding, and surround organ damage Frequent checks for signs of infections There are side effects - anti-rejection medicine causes fluid retention and high BP Immune suppressants incense susceptibility to infection
48
Outline pregnancy testing
Test for hormone hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) is secreted by growing embryo hCG binds to the antibodies on the beads of the pregnancy strip The urine moves up the test strip carrying the beads with it If there is hCG present the strip would turn blue because the immobilised antibodies bind to the hCG, concentrating the blue beads in the area
49
Anabolic steroids
Anabolic steroids increase protein synthesis within cells resulting in the build up if muscle tissue They have dangerous effects like liver damage
50
What is a test for testing for anabolic steroids and how is it carried out
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY urine sample is vaporised and passed through a column surrounded by cool liquid Different substances move through the column at different rates The length of time taken for the substances in the sample to pass through the column is compared to the time taken for a STEROID to pass through the column
51
define excretion
The removal of METABOLIC waste from the body

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