bio test (2) - 6/04/24

Question 1

Lesson 14: Systems in Plants

What are plants? What are their needs?

Answer 1

What: Multi-cellular organisms, cannot move, produce own food through photosynthesis
Needs: To interact with surroundings, to transport waste and gases throughout body, perform photosynthesis

Question 2

Lesson 14: Systems in Plants

What are the two plant body systems?

Answer 2

Root System: Anchors plant, absorbs water and nutrients from soil, stores food. Examples include sweet potatoes, carrots, liquorice and ginger.
Shoot System: Made up of three parts; leaf, flower, stem. Has two functions; photosynthesis and sexual reproduction (done in the flower).

Question 3

Lesson 14: Systems in Plants

What are the functions of the parts of the plants in the shoot system?

Answer 3

Leaf: Conducts photosynthesis with the chloroplast. The chloroplast contains stacks of grana that act like energy trappers (fig 14.1 for diagram).

Flowers: Used for sexual reproduction. Consists of male and female parts. Male: have pollen grains for containing sperm. Female: have ovaries for containing eggs. After fertilization, the ovules develop into seeds, with each seed containing an embryo. Simultaneously, the ovary develops into a fruit that contains the seeds.

Stem: Supports the plant, keeps plant upright to capture energy (for photosynthesis), contains vascular tissue, stores food, performs photosynthesis or reproduction, examples include sugar cane.

IMPORTANT equation of photosynthesis: light energy + carbon dioxide + water –(chlorophyll)–> glucose + oxygen

Question 4

Lesson 15: Plant Tissue Systems

What are three tissue systems of the plant?

Descriptions of each type?

Answer 4

Dermal: Tissues on the outer surface of the plant.
Vascular: Tissues specialized for the transport of water, minerals and nutrients throughout plant.
Ground: Other tissues of the plant.

Question 5

Lesson 15: Plant Tissue Systems

What are the functions and component tissues of each plant tissue system?

What is epidermis, periderm, xylem tissue and phloem tissue?

What is parenchyma tissue, collenchyma tissue and sclerenchyma tissue?

Answer 5

Dermal:
Function:
- protection and prevention of water loss.
Component tissues:
- epidermis (cells that cover the surface of leaves and roots, diagram on fig 15.1)
- periderm (woody plants -> forms bark on stems and large roots, diagram on fig 15.2)

Ground (fig 15.6):
Function:
- photosynthesis, food storage, regeneration, support, protection
Component tissues:
- parenchyma tissue (photosynthesis)
- collenchyma tissue (structure, support)
- sclerenchyma tissue (hard structure)

Vascular:
Function:
- transport of water and minerals
- transport of food
Component tissues:
- Xylem tissue (transports water and dissoled minerals from roots, diagram on fig 15.3).
- Phloem tissue (transports food produced by photosynthesis. travels to and from the root, diagram on fig 15.4).

fig 15.5 on notes for location of all tissue systems

Question 6

Lesson 15: Plant Tissue Systems

How does specialization work in plants?

Answer 6

• When a seed develops into an embryo, many of its cells start to differentiate into specific cells. Each tissue carries out a specific function just like in the human body.
• Meristematic cells are stem cells for plants. They can differientiate into specialized types of cells.

Question 7

Lesson 16: Plant Tissue Working Together

How do plant tissues work together?

What do they do?

Answer 7

Leaves of most plants are highly specialized to perform one primary function; photosynthesis. Tissue systems of the leaf work together to perform this vitral function.

Photosynthesis: process done by most plants that uses light energy, carbon dioxide and water to make glucose and oxygen (food for plants).
Chlorophyll: a pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs light for photosynthesis.
Cellular Respiration: uses gluocose and oxygen to produce energy. carbon dioxide is a waste product.

Question 8

Lesson 16: Plant Tissue Working Together

What are the parts of the leaf and their functions?

Answer 8

Light absorbption:
* Palisade parenchyma: Located just below leaf’s upper surface (where there is maximum light). The have chloroplasts and function mainly for photosynthesis.
* Spongy mesophyll: Loosely packed irregular shaped cells with spaces that allow movement of gases

Carbon dioxide:
* Cuticle: Waxy layer on top of epidermis that prevents water loss, but also blocks gas diffusion.
* Stomata: Opening on surface of leaf that allows gases to enter and leave. Stomate open to allow carbon dioxide to enter leaf for photosynthesis. They close to prevent water loss.
* Guard cells: Surround stomate and control opening and closing of it. Guard cells respond to light and low water levels.

Obtaining water:
* Root hairs: Epidermal cells that grow into soil, thereby increasing surafce area and absorb water via osmosis
* Xylem: Vascular tissue that transports water from roots, up stems and into the leaves

fig 16.1 for leaf anatomy diagram

Question 9

Lesson 16: Plant Tissue Working Together

What are the similarities and differences between the plant and animal systems?

Answer 9

Similarities:
- Cellular respiration: the use of oxygen and glucose to release energy, carbon dioxide and water

Differences:
Plant:
- Vascular bundles carry water, sugars and nutrients
- Dermal system controls entry

Animal:
- Blood containing nutrients and oxygen is pumped by heart through veins and arteries
- Digestive system processes the food
- Nervous and musculoskeletal systems are involved with obtaining food

Question 10

Lesson 12: Interactions of Systems

How do the digestive and circulatory system interact?

Answer 10

• Digestive system breaks down food into small particles that can be absorbed by the digestive tract.
  Nutrients diffuse into capillaries that surround the digestive system.
  –> Capillaries are a part of circulatory system; they connect to a large blood supply that carries the nutrient-rich blood to all parts of the body.
• The circulatory system delivers nutrients to all cells of the organism.

Question 11

Lesson 12: Interactions of Systems

How do the circulatory and respiratory system interact?

Answer 11

• Oxygen enters the lungs through inhalation
• Oxygen diffuses into the blood in the alveoli
• The circulatory system transports oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the rest of the blood
• Carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular respiration, is transported by blood to the lungs (and then expelled from body through exhalation)

Question 12

Lesson 12: Interactions of Systems

How do the digestive and respiratory system interact?

Answer 12

• Digestive system breaks down food into nutrients like glucose
• Nutrients like glucose are absorbed into the blood and transported to cells
• Cells use glucose and oxygen in cellular respiratory to produce energy
• Respiratory system provides oxygen for cellular respiration

Question 13

Lesson 12: Interactions of Systems

What are some other interactions between systems?

Answer 13

Musculoskeletal and circulatory:
* Rate of cellular respiration increases with muscle movement. This system needs to be activated with a supply of oxygen and nutrients from the circulatory system
* Waste products such as carbon dioxide are produced during that, which need to enter the blood and through capillary walls to be disposed by respiratory system

Waste disposal (with circulatory, respiratory and digestive):
Capillaries remove waste; lungs expel carbon dioxide, while the liver, part of the digestive system, eliminates lactic acid.

Urinary system and reproductive system:
- The urinary system and the reproductive system are very closely connected in mammals—particularly in males.

Nervous system and endocrine:
- The nervous system works very closely
with the endocrine system.

Skin and muscle interaction:
- The integumentary (skin) system and muscles interact to provide information to the nervous system. Th ere are sensors in our skin that detect temperature, pressure, pain, and so on.

Question 14

Lesson 9: Digestive System

What is the digestive system?

Answer 14

Organ system that breaks up food, digests it and excretes the remaining waste. Made up of the digestive tract and accessory organs.

Your cells need a food supply in order to create chemical energy

Question 15

Lesson 9: Digestive System

What is the digestive tract?

Answer 15

A complex system of organs that food and liquids pass through when they are swallowed, digested, absorbed and leaving the body as feces.

Digestive tract also responds to ingested toxins by attempting to remove them through vomiting or diarrhea

Question 16

Lesson 9: Digestive System

What is the digestive tract made up of?

Answer 16

• Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, anus
• Epithelial tissue that lines entire length of digestive tract
• Tissue is made up of different cells like goblet cells (responsible for producing mucus)
• Music serves two functions; protects digestive enzymes (they assist in the chem. process of digestion) and allows to pass smoothly along the tube

Question 17

Lesson 9: Digestive System

What are the accessory organs?

Answer 17

Liver, pancreas and gall bladder all help with the digestion of food by supplying digestive enzymes.

The liver produces a fluid called bile (bile helps in the breakdowns of fats in our food)
Pancreas produces an important enzyme, insulin; regulares concentration of gluocose in blood

Question 18

Lesson 9: Digestive System

What is the mouth?

Answer 18

Starts the process of breaking down food. Done in two ways; mechanically (with teeth and tongue) and chemically (with enzymes in the mouth that break apart food molecules)

The mouth adds saliva (mixtre of water and enzymes) to the food

Saliva is proced by cells in the epithelial tissue

Question 19

Lesson 9: Digestive System

What is the pharynx?

Answer 19

• Muscle that moves food from the mouth to the esophagus
• Portion of the throat after the nose and mouth and before the esophagus and trachea split

Question 20

Lesson 9: Digestive System

What is the esophagus?

Answer 20

• Muscular tube connecting mouth to stomach
• Made up of special type of muscles, smooth muscle tissue, that contracts and relaxes without conscious thought
• Breaks down food
• The movement is controlled by nerve tissue. Contractions slowly move the food along

Question 21

Lesson 9: Digestive System

What is the stomach?

Answer 21

• Where food is temporarily stored and mixed
• Lining releases enzymes and acids to digest food
• Richly supplied with nerves that signal when we’ve had enough to eat

Question 22

Lesson 9: Digestive System

What are the intestines?

Answer 22

• Small intestine: Cells of the lining make mucus. Blood vessels are present with other tissues. Smooth muscles contract and relax here. Nutrients diffuse into cells and enter the bloodstream.
• Large intestine: Also known as colon. Water absorption of indigestible foods takes place here from the lining. The remaining solid matter is excreted as feces from the anus.

Question 23

Lesson 10: Circulatory System

What is the circulatory system?

Answer 23

Made up of: blood, heart and blood vessels
Functions:
* Regulation of body temperature and transport of disease-fighting white blood cells to areas of body with viruses/bacteria
* Moves nutrients from intestine to all of body’s cells
* Blood flows through lungs to pick up oxygen to deliver to active cells
* Carries wastes from body tissues for disposal
* Carries carbon dioxide to lungs, where it is released into air

Question 24

Lesson 10: Circulatory System

What are the parts of the circulatory system?

Answer 24

Blood, the heart, blood vessels

Question 25

Lesson 10: Circulatory System

What is blood? What is it made up of?

Answer 25

Blood: Connective tissue that circulates throughout all parts of the body.
Consists of four components:
* 1 - Red blood cells: Most plentiful of body’s blood cells. Make up almost half of the body’s volume. Contains a protein called hemoglobin (which makes the cells appear as red); allows them to transport oxygen throughout the body.
* 2 - White blood cells: Infection-fighting cells in blood. Recognize and destroy invading bacteria and viruses. Make up less than 1% of blood volume. Only blood cells have a nucleus.
* 3 - Platelets: Tiny cells that help in blood clotting. Make up less than 1% of blood volume.
4 - Plasma: Protein-rich liquid that carries the blood cells along. Makes up over half of blood’s volume.

Question 26

Lesson 10: Circulatory System

What is the heart?

Answer 26

Pumps with a regular beat. Frequency changes depending on your physical activity and other factors (Stress, temperature, general health). Made up of four different types of tissue; cardiac muscle tissue, epithelial tissue, nerve tissue and connective tissue.

• Muscles and nerves are covered by a smooth layer of epithelial tissues (This covering reduces friction and protects the heart from damage when the lungs expand and contract)
• The inner surface of the heart, where the blood flows, is also lined with smooth epithelial tissue to allow the blood to flow freely.
• Cardiac muscle tissue: All cardiac muscle tissue in each heart contracts at the same time. This makes the heart contract and moves the blood around the body.

Question 27

Lesson 10: Circulatory System

What are the blood vessels?

Answer 27

Three types of blood vessels form a network of tubes throughout the body to transport blood.
* Arteries: carry blood away from the heart
* Veins: carry blood to the heart
* Capillaries: tiny blood vessels with thin walls that allow substances (nutrients, waste, gases) to diffuse between the blood and other body fluids and tissues

Question 28

Lesson 10: Circulatory System

What is Coronary Artery Disease?

What are the causes and symptoms? How do you diagnose it?

Answer 28

• Heart function and oxygen supply: The heart, a hard-working organ, needs a steady supply of oxygen and nutrients, provided by the coronary arteries.
• Plaque buildup and causes: Plaque, made of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances, can block arteries. Causes include genetics and poor lifestyle choices like high-fat diet, smoking, and lack of exercise
• Symptoms and diagnosis: Coronary artery disease symptoms include tiredness, dizziness, and chest pain. It can be diagnosed with an angiogram, using a fluorescent dye visible on X-ray.

Question 29

Lesson 10: Circulatory System

What is a heart attack?

What are the causes and symptoms? How do you diagnose?

Answer 29

• Heart attack cause and impact: Coronary arteries can become blocked by plaque or blood clots, stopping oxygen and nutrients to heart muscle cells, leading to tissue death.
• Symptoms of heart attack: Chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, anxiety, upper body and stomach pain, sweating, dizziness, unusual fatigue. Symptoms vary widely.
• Diagnosis of heart attack: Diagnosed with blood test (identifies cardiac proteins) and electrocardiogram (ECG measures electrical signals from heart).

Question 30

Lesson 10: Circulatory System

What are the different technologies?

Answer 30

• Angiogram: Special type of x-ray that helps diagnose coronary artery disease.
• How it works: Fluorescent dye is injected into the bloodstream. X-ray detects the dye. Blood vessels can be seen in an image.
• Electrocardiogram (ECG): Used to diagnose heart attacks and other diseases.
• How it works: Uses voltmeter to measure electric signals (heart beat). Electric signals from a damaged heart are very different from those of a healthy heart.

Question 31

Lesson 11: Respiratory System

What is the respiratory system?

Answer 31

• Responsible for providing the oxygen needed by the body and for removing the carbon dioxide produced as your body uses energy (from oxygen) for growth, repair and movement
• Works in collaboration with circulatory system
• Made up of nose, mouth, trachea, bronchi and lungs

Question 32

Lesson 11: Respiratory System

What are the structural features?

Answer 32

• Mouth and nose: Air enters here. For the nose, its hairs filter out dust.
• Pharynx (throat): Passage that warms air
• Trache a.k.a. Windpipe: Mucus may be produced hee. Rings of cartilage keep the airway open. Cartilage is connective tissue made up of strong flexible fibers.
• Bronchi: The trachea separates into branches called bronchi. Bronchi delivers air to each lung. Cilia, tiny hairs, filter debris and move mucus.
• Lungs: Within the lungs are alveoli sac-like structures with thin walls where gas exchange takes place

Respiratory system consists of lungs and surrounding organs

Question 33

Lesson 11: Respiratory System

What is gas exchange?

How do oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in the lungs?

Answer 33

• Oxygen enters the bloodstream and carbon dioxide leaves the blood through diffusion in the alveoli.
• Alveoli are tiny sacs with thin walls surrounded by capillaries.
• The circulatory system ensures a good blood supply to the lungs, keeping oxygen concentration in the blood lower than in the alveoli, which drives diffusion.
• Oxygen-rich blood is then transported to the body, where oxygen diffuses into cells and carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood to be expelled from the lungs.

Main purpose of respiratory system

Question 34

Lesson 11: Respiratory System

How does the process of breathing work, and how is it controlled?

Answer 34

• Inhalation: Air drawn into lungs as lung volume increases; rib cage moves up and out, diaphragm flattens.
• Exhalation: Air pushed out of lungs; rib cage moves down, diaphragm moves upwards.
• Breathing Control: High carbon dioxide levels prompt the brain to signal the diaphragm and rib muscles to increase breathing, raising heart rate, reducing carbon dioxide, and increasing oxygen levels.

Question 35

Lesson 11: Respiratory System

What are the diseases pertaining to the respiratory system?

Answer 35

• Tuberculosis: infectious, contagious diseases caused by bacteria; bacteria that can grow in the lungs. Symptoms include fever, cough and chest pain. X-Rays to diagnose, Medication to treat.
• Cancer - respiratory system: Smoking tobacco (either first or second hand) is a serious threat to the respiratory system as tobacco smoke contains carcinogens. Cancer can develop in the mouth, esophagus, larynx, pancreas, bladder and lungs.
• Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): Covid-19 is an example. Causes flu like symptoms. Diagnosis through x-ray or cell samples such as nose swab.

Question 36

Organ Systems

Name all the organ systems and their functions.

Answer 36

Nervous: Consists of brain, spinal cord, eyes, ears,
nose, tongue, peripheral
nerves. Function: send signals and respond to environment.
Endocrine: Consists of pancreas, pituitary gland, adrenal glands. Function: release hormones to regulate body functions.
Digestive: Consists of esophagus, stomach, intestines. Function: physical and chemical breakdown of food.
Circulatory: Consists of heart, blood vessels. Function: transports gases, nutrients and wastes.
Excretory: Consists of kidneys, bladder, ureter, urethra and liver. Function: removes wastes.
Respiratory: Consists of trachea, lungs and diaphragm. Function: gas exchange.
Reproductive: Consists of testes, vas deferens, ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, glands. Function: Sexual reproduction.
Muscle/Skeletal: Consists of bones, muscles. Function: body structure and protection, movement and stability.

Question 37

Organ Systems

Name all the primary tissues.

Answer 37

Epithelial Tissue: Protection, secretion and absorption. Lining of cavities. Covers the surface of the body. Examples: Simple Squamous, Simple Columnar
Connective Tissue: Provides support, holds parts of the body together, connects various tissues together, insulation. Examples: Cartilage, bone, fat, blood.
Nerve Tissue: Responsible for communication, senses, coordination of body activities. Examples: Nerves, throughout the body.
Muscle Tissue: Muscles contract and relax for movement. Examples: skeletal, smooth, cardiac.