Bio test 2

Question 1

The diagram helps

ATP; Adenosine triphosphate

Answer 1

transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism.

Question 2

Protein

Answer 2

any of a class of nitrogenous organic compounds that consist of large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids, and are an essential part of all living organisms, especially as structural components of body tissues such as muscle, hair, collagen, etc., and as enzymes and antibodies.

Question 3

carbohydrates

Answer 3

Simple carbohydrates are sugars. All simple carbohydrates are made of just one or two sugar molecules. They are the quickest source of energy, as they are very rapidly digested. Some food sources of simple carbohydrates: Table sugar.

Question 4

Polysaccharides

Answer 4

a carbohydrate that can be decomposed by hydrolysis into two or more molecules of monosaccharides; especially : one (as cellulose, starch, or glycogen) containing many monosaccharide units and marked by complexity—called also glycan.

Question 5

disaccharide

Answer 5

is the carbohydrate which is formed when two monosaccharides (simple sugars) undergo a condensation reaction which involves the elimination of a small molecule, such as water, from the functional groups only.

Question 6

monosaccharide

Answer 6

a sugar that is not decomposable into simpler sugars by hydrolysis, is classed as either an aldose or ketose, and contains one or more hydroxyl groups per molecule —called also simple sugar.

Question 7

hydrolysis

Answer 7

is a chemical reaction or process in which a chemical compound reacts with water. This is the type of reaction that is used to break down polymers into many smaller units. In this reaction, water is always added to the chemical compound.

Question 8

Golgi apparatus

Answer 8

a complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, involved in secretion and intracellular transport.

Question 9

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 9

a network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane. It usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis.

Question 10

ribosomes

Answer 10

A sphere-shaped structure within the cytoplasm of a cell that is composed of RNA and protein and is the site of protein synthesis. Ribosomes are free in the cytoplasm and often attached to the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes exist in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

Question 11

eukaryotic cell

Answer 11

An organism whose cells contain a nucleus surrounded by a membrane and whose DNA is bound together by proteins (histones) into chromosomes. The cells of eukaryotes also contain an endoplasmic reticulum and numerous specialized organelles not present in prokaryotes, especially mitochondria, Golgi bodies, and lysosomes.

Question 12

Prokaryote cells

Answer 12

a single-celled organism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus (karyon), mitochondria, or any other membrane-bound organelle

Question 13

mitochondria

Answer 13

known as the powerhouses of the cell. They are organelles that act like a digestive system which takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy rich molecules for the cell. The biochemical processes of the cell are known as cellular respiration.

Question 14

nucleus

Answer 14

is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotes usually have a single nucleus, but a few cell types have no nuclei, and a few others have many.

Question 15

lysosomes

Answer 15

A cell organelle that is surrounded by a membrane, has an acidic interior, and contains hydrolytic enzymes that break down food molecules, especially proteins and other complex molecules. Lysosomes fuse with vacuoles to digest their contents.

Question 16

RNA

Answer 16

a nucleic acid present in all living cells. Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins, although in some viruses RNA rather than DNA carries the genetic information.

Question 17

DNA

Answer 17

deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information. the fundamental and distinctive characteristics or qualities of someone or something, especially when regarded as unchangeable.

Question 18

cellular respiration

Answer 18

is what cells do to break up sugars into a form that the cell can use as energy. This happens in all forms of life. Cellular respiration takes in food and uses it to create ATP, a chemical which the cell uses for energy.

Question 19

cytoplasm

Answer 19

the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus. “ gel like matrix”

Question 20

S phase

Answer 20

the part of the cell’s life replicating DNA

Question 21

RNA stands for

Answer 21

ribonucleic acid

Question 22

mRNA

Answer 22

A type of RNA, synthesized from DNA, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein

Question 23

tRNA

Answer 23

The type of RNA that binds to specific amino acids and transports them to the ribosome during protein synthesis

Question 24

rRNA

Answer 24

type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes

Question 25

nitrogen bases in RNA

Answer 25

adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine

Question 26

codon

Answer 26

three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid, a start signal or a stop signal

Question 27

of common amino acids in human body

Answer 27

20

Question 28

somatic cells

Answer 28

all body cells except the reproductive cells, contain 46 chromosomes

Question 29

gametes

Answer 29

reproductive cells, have only half the number of chromosomes as body cells