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Biology 105 science major > Bio 106 Lec 1 > Flashcards

Bio 106 Lec 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Original data

A

Carl Woese 1976

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2
Q

Bacteria

A

No nuclear membrane

Circular chromosome

No histone proteins

No membrane bound organelles

No sexual reproduction

Peptidoglycan cell walls

Simple transcription and translation machinery

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3
Q

Archaea

A

No nuclear membrane

Circular chromosome

Histone proteins/ DNA

No membrane bound organelles

Not known if sexual reproduction

No peptidoglycan cell walls

Complex transcription and translation machinery

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4
Q

Eukarya

A

Has nuclear membrane

Linear chromosomes

Histone proteins/DNA

Membrane bound organelles(except
ribosomes)

Sexual reproduction

Cellulose/ chitin cell walls

Complex transcription and translation machinery

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5
Q

Phylogeny
Evolutionary tree

Branch
Nodes(fork)
Tip(terminal node)
Sister taxa
Root and out group
A

B/ species through time

N/ancestral species splits into 2 or more descendent species
(Polytomy if >2 formed at node)

T/species : extant or extinct

S/taxa occupying adjacent tips

R/ lower down more ancient

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6
Q

Out group

A

Species or group known to have split off before the rest of the taxa under consideration

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7
Q

Mono phyletic group

A

ONE ancestor and ALL of its descendants

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8
Q

Paraphyletic group

A

Ancestral species and NOT ALL descendant species

Protista, algae, Protozoa

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9
Q

Supergroups

A

Excavata

Chromalveolates

Rhizarians

Archaeplastida

Unikonts

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10
Q

Supergroup

A

Shared derived traits

Distinguished morphological features

Synapomorphies
(Union forms) ( shapes)

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11
Q

Excavata

A

Modified and reduced mitochondria

Spiral or crystalline rod inside flagella

Euglena
Giardia

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12
Q

Chromalveolates

A

Alveoli/ membrane bound sacs
Beneath cell membrane

When flagella present in pairs/ one with hair like projections

Ciliates
Diatoms
Brown algae

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13
Q

Rhizarians

A

Amoeba like porous she’ll and thread like pseudo podia

Foramens
Radiolarians

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14
Q

Archaeplastida

Old chloroplast

2 membrane chloroplast

A

Photosynthetic accessory pigments include phycoerythrin(red)

Plants( land plants)
Green algae
Red algae

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15
Q

Unikonts

Folded inner cristae

A

Mitochondria with flat cristae, gametes with single flagellum, amoebas with lobe shaped pseudo podia

Animals
Fungi
Choanoflagellates
Amoeba

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16
Q

Carolyn’s Linnaeus

A

Founded field biological classification

Taxonomy/ naming and grouping organisms

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17
Q

7 primary taxa

A 
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus 
Species
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18
Q

Panthera onca

A

Jaguar

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19
Q

6 kingdoms

A 
Bacteria
Archaea
Protist(eukarya)
Animals
Fungi
Plants
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20
Q

Bacteria

A

Unicellular and multicellular

Autotrophic and heterotrophic

Cell walls with peptidoglycan

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21
Q

Archaea

A

Unicellular and multicellular

Autotrophic and heterotrophic

Cell walls WITHOUT peptidoglycan

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22
Q

Eukarya

Protists

A

Unicellular and multicellular

Autotrophic and heterotrophic

Life cycles: diplontic, haplontic and alternations of generations

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23
Q

Animals

A

All multicellular

All heterotrophic

Most nervous system

Diplontic life cycle

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24
Q

Fungi

A

Most multicellular

All heterotrophic

Haplontic life cycle

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25
Q

Plants

A

All multicellular

Most autotrophic
Some heterotrophic(absorption)

AG life cycle

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26
Q

Linnean thinking

Based mostly on morphology

A

Phylogenetic thinking

Based on molecular data

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27
Q

10% of organism dry weight

A

Bacteria

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28
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

Bacteria and archaea
Recycle nitrogen into living systems through nitrogen fixation

NO eukaryote can do this

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29
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

Responsible for seminal global climate change
Chloroplast Evolution

Perform oxygen photosynthesis
Current level 21%

Allowed evolution aerobic respiration

Produce more ATP
Bigger things

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30
Q

Heterocysts

A

Nitrogen fixing cells

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31
Q

Rhizobium

A

Non photosynthetic bacteria lives in plant root nodules

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32
Q

Bacteria forms

A

Coccus(spherical)

Bacillus(rod shaped)

Spiral

Filamentous( connecting round or rod shaped) multicellular

Cyanobacteria, oscillatoria

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33
Q

Bacteria

A

Structurally simple
Metabolically complex

No nucleus
DNA forms supercooled circular chromosome NOT enclosed by membrane
Independently replicating
No mitochondria
No chloroplasts
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34
Q

Plasmids

A

Small, supercooled, circular, independently replicating extra chromosomal DNA not required for normal growth and survival but can be transferred to other cells

**carry genes for antibiotic resistance

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35
Q

Cell components bacteria

A 
Plasmids
Ribosomes
Storage granules
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Slime layer/ capsule
Fimbriae 
Flagellum
Endoscope
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36
Q

Bacteria ribosomes

A

No membrane
Composed of 3 RNA molecules and many proteins

Function in protein manufacture

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37
Q

Cell membrane bacteria

A

In photosynthetic species
Thylakoids

Folded membrane containing chlorophyll

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38
Q

Gram stain

A

Test for amount of peptidoglycan

Distinguishes two types of cell walls in bacteria

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39
Q

Gram positive

A

Purple

Thick outer peptidoglycan layer/ no outer membrane

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40
Q

Gram negative

A

Pink

Thin layer of sandwiched peptidoglycan

With outer membrane

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41
Q

Slime layer bacteria

A

Protection and attachment function

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42
Q

Fimbriae bacteria

A

Short protein hairs

Attachment

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43
Q

Flagellum bacteria

A

Only prokaryotic have flagellum / lack membrane

Mobility

Undilapodium

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44
Q

Endospore bacteria

A

Resistant stage

Can withstand extreme conditions and large spans of time

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45
Q

Bacteria reproduction

Exchange of DNA not reproduction

A

Asexual( no gametes)

DNA replication
One loop forms two
Split cells

Budding/ chromosome replicates and one copy moves to an outgrowth which breaks off

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46
Q

Exchange of DNA bacteria

A

Transformation
DNA fragment released by one bacterium taken up by another

Transduction
Transfer of DNA between bacteria due to virus infection

Conjugation
Fimbriae attach and conjugation tube forms(cytoplasmic bridge)between bacteria of two mating types.

Single strand of plasmid DNA is transferred and replicated

Both have double stranded plasmid

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47
Q

All organisms prokaryotic and eukaryotic can be categorized by how they obtain:

A

Carbon and energy

48
Q

4 primary modes of nutrition

Prokaryote all 4

Eukaryote first and last only

A

Photoautotroph
Light self feeders

Chemoautotroph
Chemical self feeders

Photoheterotroph

Chemoheterotroph

49
Q

Photoautotroph

Light self feeders

A

Energy source : light

Carbon source: co2

Prokaryotes, eukaryotes

50
Q

Chemoautotroph

A

Energy source: inorganic molecules

Carbon source: co2

Unique to prokaryotes
Deep sea hydrothermal vents

51
Q

Photoheterotroph

A

Energy source: light

Carbon source: organic molecules

Unique to prokaryotes

Heliobacteria(soils and rice paddies)
Grab oxygen from dead organic matter not co2

No thylakoids in membrane( not folded less surface area)

52
Q

Chemoheterotroph

Only one where energy and Carbon source come from same thing

A

Energy source: organic molecules

Carbon source: organic molecules

Many prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Animals , fungi, some plants

53
Q

Lateral transfer

A

Photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation evolved just once

54
Q

Bacteria spirochaeles

A

Most ancient
Corkscrew shape with flagellum contained in outer sheath

Some can fix nitrogen
Symbionts of termites(enzymes to break down wood)
Syphillis; Lyme disease(borrelia burgdorferi)

55
Q

Bacteria chlamdiales

A

Only 4spp

All intracellular (within a cell)parasites of animals

Chlamydia, conjunctivitis, blindness

56
Q

High GC gram positives

A

DNA bases guanine and cytosine high frequency
75% of all bases
Test positive gram stain

Source of over 500 antibiotics
Streptomyces: streptomycin, tetracycline,

Tuberculosis, leprosy

57
Q

Cyanobacteria

Blue-green algae

High GC gram positive

A

Extremely abundant

Main primary producers in many aquatic habitats

Gave rise to photosynthesis

Prochlorococcus

58
Q

Low GC gram positive

A

Some lack cell walls
Some have cell walls of cellulose

Bacillus thuringiensis
Produce important insecticides
Lactobacillus used in yogurt and cheese

Anthrax, botulism, tetanus,gangrene, strep throat

59
Q

Proteobacteria

A

Rhizobium fixes nitrogen in some plant root nodules

One group is predatory/ drills into other bacteria and digests them

Cholera, dysentery, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, gonorrhea diarrhea

60
Q

Archaea

Discovered 1977
Formerly called archaebacteria

A

Specialize in living in extreme conditions

Called extremophiles

Temp
Ph
Pressure
Salinity

61
Q

Archaea

Crenarchaeota

A

Some adapted to extremely hot conditions
Thermophiles

Extremely hot and acidic conditions
Acidophiles/thermoacidophiles

Hot sulfur springs

62
Q

Archaea euryrchaeota

A

Can live in extreme conditions

Halophiles(love salt)

High ph
Some produce methane

Swamps/ human gut

63
Q

Fundamental tree of life

Phylogeny

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

Archaea more closely related to eukarya
RNA base sequences of ribosomes

64
Q

N= sets of chromosomes

2n diploid

1n haploid

A

Mitosis

One cell divided into two

Meiosis

Two cell divisions / divide one thing twice. Into four cells

65
Q

Three life cycles

All sexual cycles
All involve gamete production, fertilization and meiosis

Result in genetic variability in offspring

A

Diplontic

Haplontic

Alternation of generations

Protists all three cycles

66
Q

Life cycles vary by

A

Timing of fertilization and meiosis

Dominance of diploid and haploid stages

Whether meiosis produces gametes or spores

67
Q

Diplontic cycle

Only cycle without spore production

Only cycle forming gametes by meiosis

A

Diploid dominant

One form of adult

Meiosis produces gametes

Animals
Some protists

68
Q

Haplontic cycle

A

Haploid dominant

One form of adult

Meiosis produces spores; gametes by mitosis

Fungi and some protists

69
Q

Alternation of generations cycle

A

Variable dominance

Two forms of adult

Meiosis produces spores; gametes by mitosis

Land plants and most protists

70
Q

Protists

Paraphyletic group

All eukaryotes except animals, fungi, plants

> 10,000 spp

A

Unicellular, colonial or multicellular
Coencocytic multi nuclear cytoplasm

Specialized organelles
Contractile vacuole
Fills and expels water / hypotonic

Motility: pseudopodia(false legs)
Flagella(pull)
Cilia

Autotrophic and heterotrophic
Some species both

Aquatic or moist

Asexual and sexual

Diplontic, Haplontic and ag life cycles

Major producers in aquatic habitats

Major role in marine Carbon cycle

Malaria, African sleeping sickness, Chagas’ disease,amoebic dysentery

71
Q

3 paraphyletic groupings protists

A

Protozoa(animal like)

Algae( plant like)

Fungal like( slime molds & water molds)

72
Q

Excavata supergroup
Protist

Clades
Diplomonadida
Parabasala
Euglenozoa

Groups
Kinetoplastida
Euglenphyta

A

Have excavated feeding groove; reduced mitochondria

73
Q

Diplomonadida protist major clade

A

Two nuclei(appear as eyes)
All asexual
Many free-living(prey on bacteria)

Some parasitic
Giardia
Causes backpackers diarrhea

74
Q

Giardia

A

Parasitic protist causes backpackers diarrhea

75
Q

Parabasala protist major clade

A 
All asexual
None free living
Symbiont
Mutualistic(symbionts of termites)
Can only survive as mutualists

Trichonympha(1000s of flagella)

Parasitic trichomoniasis

76
Q

Euglenozoa protist major clade

A

Disc shaped cristae

Free living and parasitic

Group kinetoplastida:

Trypanosoma: causes African sleeping sickness

Trypanosome cruzi: causes Chagas disease

Group Euglenphyta

Most fresh water
All asexual

Euglena
Some parasitic

Unicellular
Photosynthetic1/3 of spp
Heterotrophic(ingestion of bacteria)
Some both heterotrophic and autotrophic

Flagella( two, one very short)
Eye spot/ stigma(creates shadow on light sensitive area( shows direction of))
Pellicle(protection, like a flexible cell wall)

77
Q

Supergroup chromalveolata

A

Small alveoli (sacs) beneath membrane

Synamorphy

78
Q

Major clade
Alveolata

Group ciliates

A

Covering of cilia

Freshwater, marine, wet soils

Two nuclei: micronucleus & macronucleus
(Nuclear dimorphism)
Asexual (fission)and sexual(micronucleus exchange)

Heterotrophic

Paramecium

Trichocyst(prey/capture attachment)

Osmoregulation(water balance)
Not marine species

79
Q

Major clade alveolata

Group dinoflagellata

Coral dependent on

A

Unicellular(most) colonial(some)

Most marine

Asexual & sexual

Theca( interlocking cellulose cell walls some silica)

Two flagella move spinning motion

Bioluminescent(some)

Chromosomes do Not contain histones
Spools DNA

Free living

Base of food chain

Red tide

25% of marine life depends on coral reefs

80
Q

Major clade alveolata

Group apicomplexa

Entire group parasitic

A

Apical complex(specialized organelle aiding entry through hosts cell membrane)

Unicellular

Plasmodium(malarial parasite)
Hosts human and mosquito(anopheles)

Asexual stage in human

Sexual in stage in mosquitos

81
Q

Major clade stramenopila

A

Synapomorphy

Paired flagella
One with hairs
One smooth

82
Q

Major clade stramenopila

Group bacillariophyta

A

Unicellular

Photosynthetic

Fresh water and marine

Frustules(cell walls) mostly silica

Flagella only in reproductive cells

Diatomaceous earth

83
Q

Major clade stramenopila

Group phaeophyta

Brown algae

A

Multicellular all

Marine all

Algin used as thickening agent foods/ toothpaste

84
Q

Supergroup archaeplastida

Algae

All photosynthetic except a few red algae

A

Paraphyletic group with members in two supergroups
Chromalveolates and archaeplastida

Unicellular colonial and multicellular

85
Q

Supergroup archaeplastida

Major clade
Chlorophyta

Green algae

A

Unicellular and microscopic multicellular filaments

Some coenocytic/ multi nuclei I cytoplasm

Freshwater some marine

Flagellated stage(most)

Cellulose cell wall

Sister taxa land plants(share common ancestor)

86
Q

Supergroup unikonta

A

Includes animals and fungi

87
Q

Supergroup unikonta

Major clade amoebozoa

A

All unicellular

Variable shape, move by pseudopodia

Heterotrophic
Ingestion using food vacuoles

Free living
Parasitic

Entamoeba histolytica causes amoebic dysentery

88
Q

Supergroup unikonta

Major clade opisthokonts

Group choanoflagellates

A

Free living

Sessile as adults(attach to bottom of water body)

All asexual

Fresh water and marine

Unicellular or colonial

Microvilli surrounding flagellum

Share common ancestor with animals

89
Q

Supergroup archaeplastida

Major clade plants

500,000 spp
Multicellular all
Autotrophic some heterotrophic

Life cycle AG

Development from embryo
Embryophytes

Share common ancestor with green algae
Cellulose in cell wall
Carbohydrate stored as starch
Photosynthetic pigments

A

Base of terrestrial food chain: oxygen production

Soil development & maintenance

Water retention

Agriculture

90
Q

Stomata

A

Pores

Allow entry co2 release excess o2

91
Q

Cuticle

A

Waxy, waterproof covering above ground structure

92
Q

Vascular system

A

Water transport and structural stability

93
Q

Multicellular gametangia

Protection

A

Most gametangia of green algae are single celled

94
Q

Antheridium

A

Contain sperm

Male gametangium

95
Q

Archegonium

A

Contains egg

Female gametangium

Oogonium

96
Q

Male gametophyte

A

Pollen transported by air or animal to female

97
Q

Plant classifications

A

Non vascular

Seedless vascular

Vascular seed plants
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms

98
Q

Non vascular

A

No true vascular system

Gametophyte dominant

Enation ( not leaf) no vascular tissue
Rhizoid(not root) no vascular tissue

Spore dispersal by wind(and water)
Water required fertilization
Sperm swim to egg( aided by rain)

99
Q

Enation

A

Extension of the stem

100
Q

Rhizoid

A

Root like structure

101
Q

Phylum hepatophyta: liverworts

Spiral sperm structure swim to female

Moist conditions

A

6500spp

102
Q

Phylum anthocerophyta

A

Hornworts

Sporophyte horn like

Moist conditions

103
Q

Phylum Bryophyta

Mosses

A

Pretend vascular system
No lignin

Sphagnum rich peatlands

Soil additive improve water retention

Asexual -fragmentation of gametophyte = new gametophyte

Sexual- sporophyte develops within archegonium

104
Q

Vascular plants

A

True vascular tissue xylem & phloem strengthened with lignin

Sporophyte dominant

True roots and leaves( contain vascular tissue)

105
Q

Leaf types

A

Microphyll

Miniature leaves with single vascular strand

Megaphyll

typical larger leaves with branching vascular system.

106
Q

Seedless plants 4 phyla

A

Spores dispersed by wind and water

107
Q

Seedless plant

Phylum
Lycophyta

Club mosses. Quillworts

A

Microphylls only

Single strand leaves

108
Q

Vascular plants

Phylum pterophyta

Whisk ferns

12spp

A

Has xylem & phloem but no true leaves or roots

Unique among vascular plants

109
Q

Vascular plants

Phylum pterophyta

Horsetails/ scouring rushes(silica in cell walls)

Equisetum

A

Spores with elaters
Extended low humidity
Coiled high humidity

110
Q

Vascular plants

Phylum pterophyta

Ferns

A

Pteridium aquilinium( most common fern species)

Asexual/ fragmentation of rhizome

Sexual
Sporophyte grows from archegonium on underside of gametophyte

Gametophyte monoecious

111
Q

Seed plants

Pollen

A

Protected male gametophyte

112
Q

Seeds

A

Protected embryonic sporophyte

Pre packaged sporophyte

113
Q

Ovule

A

Potential seed

Becomes seed after fertilization

114
Q

Heterospory

A

Spores of different types

115
Q

Monoecious

A

Both genders on one individual

Biology 105 science major (6 decks)

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