Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

bio > bio test 2 > Flashcards

bio test 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is diffusion

A

movement of particles from an area of high to low concentration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what three main factors affects the rate of diffusion ?

A

larger concentration gradient…
higher temperature…
larger surface area…

…faster rate of diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

give examples of substances transported by diffusion in the lungs and kidney

A

lungs - oxygen diffuses into the blood from the lungs and carbon dioxide diffuses into the lungs from the blood, both down their concentration gradient.

kidney - urea diffuses from cells into the blood plasma so it can be discarded in urine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How are single-celled organisms adapted for diffusion?

A

They have a large surface area to volume ratio - maximizes the rate of diffusion of molecules to meet the organism’s needs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How is surface area to volume calculated ?

A

surface area

NUMBER OF SIDES X (SIDES LENGTH X SIDES WIDTH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is volume calculated ?

A

volume

Length x Width x Depth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what 4 factors increases the effectiveness of gas exchange surface?

A
  • large surface area
  • thin membrane (short diffusion path)
  • efficient blood supply (animals)
  • ventilation (animals)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is osmosis ?

A

osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a solution with a high to low concentration of water molecules, through a cell’s partially permeable membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is meant when a solution is isotonic to a cell?

A

means the concentration of solute (i.e. sugar) is the same inside the cell as it is outside the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where does gases exchange happen ?

A

the Alveoli in the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is meant when a solution is hypotonic to a cell?

A

the concentration of the external solution is lower than that of internal solution (inside cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what may happen when an animal cell is placed in a very hypertonic solution?

A

water moves into the cell, causing it to burst.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what may happen when an animal cell is placed in a very hypertonic solution?

A

water moves out of the cell, causing it to shrivel up.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how do plant leaves and stems remain rigid?

A

turgor pressure - water moves in by osmosis causing the vacuole to swell and the cytoplasm to press against the cell wall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is permeable

A

Permeable means that things are allowed through

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Partially

A

Partially means the membrane will only let certain things in pass through it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why does water move?

A

Just like diffusion, particles want to be evenly spread out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is active transport?

A

Active transport is the opposite of diffusion and osmosis as particles move from a low to high concentration, and
this process requires energy from respirations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how do plant root hair cells use active transport?

A

Root hair cells use active transport to take up mineral ions from a more dilute solution in soils.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how is active transport used to absorb the products of digestions ?

A

Active transport is used to transport glucose from a lower concentration in the blood.
Glucose is then transported in the blood.
Glucose is then transported to the tissues where it can be used in reparations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

food test for Reducing sugar

A

Benedict’s
Add Benedict’s reagent to the food and boil in a water bath

Blue to Brick red

22
Q

food test for Starch

A

Iodine
Add iodine reagent to the food.

Yellow-brown to Blue-black

23
Q

food test for Protein/amino acids

A

Biuret
Add Biuret reagent to the food.

Blue to Lilac/purple

24
Q

food test for Fat

A

Ethanol
Add ethanol to the food to dissolve the fat then add water.

Colorless to White emulsion

25
Q

sudan 111

A
26
Q

What is the main function of the digestive system?

A

To digest food and absorb the nutrients obtained from digestion.

27
Q

What is the role of the pancreas and the salivary gland in the digestive system?

A

The pancreas and the salivary gland are glands which produce digestive juices containing enzymes.

28
Q

What is the role of the stomach in the digestive system?

A

Produces hydrochloric acid - which kills any bacteria present
provides the optimum acidic pH for the protease enzyme to function.

28
Q

What is the role of the small intestine in the digestive system?

A

break down food
absorb nutrients needed for the body
get rid of the unnecessary components
is the site where soluble food molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream.

29
Q

What is the role of the liver in the digestive system?

A

Produces bile (stored in the gallbladder) which emulsifies lipids and allows the lipase enzyme to work more efficiently.

30
Q

What is the role of the large intestine in the digestive system?

A

Absorbs water from undigested food, producing feces

31
Q

What is the role of enzymes in the digestive system?

A

Enzymes act as biological catalysts which speed up the rate of biological reactions (the break down of food) without being used up.

32
Q

How does temperature affect enzyme action?

A

Up to a certain point, increasing temperature increases enzyme action, as molecules have higher kinetic energy.
Above a certain temperature, the shape of the active site in altered and the enzyme becomes denatured, so it can no longer catalyze the reaction.
The optimum temperature is around 37 degrees

33
Q

How does PH affect enzyme function?

A

The optimum pH for most enzymes is around 7 (apart from protease in the stomach). If the pH is too extreme the shape of the active site may be altered and the enzyme may no longer work.

34
Q

How does PH affect enzyme function?

A

The optimum pH for most enzymes is around 7 (apart from protease in the stomach). If the pH is too extreme the shape of the active site may be altered and the enzyme may no longer work.

35
Q

Where are carbohydrases, produced in the body?

A

● Carbohydrases: amylase - salivary gland and pancreas; maltase - small intestine.

36
Q

Where are proteases produced in the body?

A

● Proteases: pepsin - stomach; others - pancreas and small intestine.

37
Q

Where are lipases produced in the body?

A

● Lipases: pancreas and small intestine.

38
Q

What is the role of carbohydrases in the digestive system?

A

provide energy and food to the body and to the nervous system.

39
Q

What is the role of protease in the digestive system?

A

Proteases break down proteins into amino acids.

40
Q

What is the role of lipases in the digestive system.

A

Lipases break down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.

41
Q

How are the products of digestion used?

A

They are used to build bigger molecules such as carbohydrates and proteins. Glucose is used as a substrate in respiration.

42
Q

Where is bile made and stored in the body?

A

Bile is made by the liver and stored in the gallbladder

43
Q

Artery function

A
  • Blood vessel that drains blood AWAY from the heart usually at high pressure
  • very thick
  • very stretchy
  • very narrow
  • no valve
44
Q

Vein function

A
  • veins carry blood under low pressure from the capillaries and return the blood TO the heart with low pressure
  • quite thin
  • not very stretchy
  • wide
  • has a valve
45
Q

Lumen

A

The hollow space within a blood vessel

46
Q

Capillary function and adaption

A

Blood vessels that allow for the rapid exchange of oxygen and nutrients for carbon dioxide and waste products
- one-cell layer think
- not stretchy at all
- wide
- no valve
- low pressure

47
Q

Valve

A

A structure within a vein that prevents the backflow of blood on its return to the heart

48
Q

Aorta

A

The largest ARTERY in the body that takes oxygenated blood OUT of the heart and TO the body’s tissues

49
Q

Vena Cava

A

The largest VEIN in the body that takes deoxygenated blood TO the heart

50
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

flood flow from the RIGHT side of the heart that takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs

50
Q
A

bio (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions