Bio test 12-16 Flashcards
What is the primary function of the immune system?
To protect the body against pathogens and foreign invaders.
True or False: The innate immune system provides a specific response to pathogens.
False
What are the two main types of immunity?
Innate immunity and adaptive immunity.
Fill in the blank: __________ are white blood cells that play a key role in the immune response.
Lymphocytes
What type of pathogen causes diseases like the flu and COVID-19?
Viruses
What is the role of antibodies in the immune system?
To identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses.
Multiple choice: Which of the following is NOT a component of the immune system? A) T cells B) Bacteria C) Antibodies
B) Bacteria
What is natural selection?
The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.
True or False: Evolution can occur in a single generation.
False
What is the significance of genetic variation in a population?
It provides the raw material for evolution and adaptation.
Fill in the blank: The study of interactions between organisms and their environment is known as __________.
Ecology
What are mammals characterized by?
The presence of mammary glands, hair or fur, and three middle ear bones.
Multiple choice: Which of the following is a major class of mammals? A) Reptilia B) Amphibia C) Eutheria
C) Eutheria
What is a pathogen?
Any organism that can cause disease.
True or False: All bacteria are harmful to humans.
False
What is the role of the spleen in the immune system?
To filter blood and help produce immune responses.
Fill in the blank: __________ are organisms that live on or in a host and benefit at the host’s expense.
Parasites
What is the primary method by which vaccines work?
By stimulating the immune system to recognize and fight specific pathogens.
Multiple choice: Which of the following is an example of a viral disease? A) Tuberculosis B) Measles C) Malaria
B) Measles
What is homeostasis?
The maintenance of stable internal conditions in an organism.
True or False: The adaptive immune response is immediate.
False
What is the function of macrophages?
To engulf and digest pathogens and debris.
Fill in the blank: __________ is the process of change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
Evolution
What are zoonotic diseases?
Diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans.
Multiple choice: Which of the following is a characteristic of mammals? A) Laying eggs B) Warm-blooded C) Gills
B) Warm-blooded
What is the purpose of the immune response?
To eliminate pathogens and prevent infection.
True or False: Vaccines are only effective against bacterial infections.
False
What is the role of dendritic cells in the immune system?
To present antigens to T cells and initiate an immune response.
Fill in the blank: The __________ theory of disease states that specific diseases are caused by specific pathogens.
Germ
What is an ecosystem?
A community of living organisms interacting with their physical environment.
Multiple choice: Which of the following is considered a primary producer in an ecosystem? A) Herbivore B) Plant C) Carnivore
B) Plant
What is the difference between a virus and a bacterium?
Viruses require a host to replicate, while bacteria can reproduce independently.
True or False: The immune system can remember past infections.
True
What is a biome?
A large ecological area on Earth with distinct climate and plant/animal communities.
Fill in the blank: __________ are organisms that break down dead organic material.
Decomposers
What is the function of T cells in the immune response?
To recognize and destroy infected cells or help activate other immune cells.
Multiple choice: Which immune response is characterized by the production of antibodies? A) Innate response B) Adaptive response C) Inflammatory response
B) Adaptive response
True or False: Antibiotics are effective against viruses.
False
What is the role of the thymus gland?
To mature T cells during immune system development.
Fill in the blank: The __________ hypothesis posits that complex traits evolve through gradual changes.
Gradualism
What is biodiversity?
The variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.
Multiple choice: Which of the following is a social mammal? A) Dolphin B) Lizard C) Eagle
A) Dolphin
What is the main purpose of the inflammatory response?
To isolate and eliminate pathogens and initiate healing.
True or False: All mammals give live birth.
False
What is an antigen?
A substance that triggers an immune response.
Fill in the blank: The __________ is a group of mammals that includes humans, apes, and monkeys.
Primates
What is the significance of the immune memory?
It allows for a faster and stronger response to previously encountered pathogens.
Multiple choice: Which of the following is a factor that can influence disease spread? A) Climate B) Social behavior C) Both A and B
C) Both A and B
What is the role of the bone marrow in the immune system?
To produce blood cells, including white blood cells.
True or False: Evolution is a linear process.
False
What is the role of natural selection in evolution?
To favor traits that enhance survival and reproduction.
Fill in the blank: __________ ecology studies the interactions of organisms with their environment.
Population
What is the difference between ectothermic and endothermic organisms?
Ectothermic organisms rely on external sources for body heat, while endothermic organisms can regulate their body temperature internally.
Multiple choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of lymphocyte? A) B cells B) T cells C) Red blood cells
C) Red blood cells
What is a keystone species?
A species that has a disproportionately large effect on its environment relative to its abundance.
True or False: The body can produce antibodies without prior exposure to a pathogen.
False
What is the primary role of phagocytes?
To engulf and destroy pathogens.
Fill in the blank: __________ are organisms that can produce their own food through photosynthesis.
Autotrophs
What is a symbiotic relationship?
A close interaction between two different species where at least one benefits.
Multiple choice: Which of the following is an example of a mammal? A) Shark B) Bat C) Frog
B) Bat
What is the primary purpose of the respiratory system in mammals?
To facilitate gas exchange.
True or False: All mammals have a four-chambered heart.
False
What is the role of the circulatory system in relation to the immune system?
To transport immune cells and antibodies throughout the body.
Fill in the blank: __________ is a measure of the number of different species in an ecosystem.
Species richness
What is the significance of mutualism in ecology?
It enhances the survival and reproduction of both species involved.
Multiple choice: Which immune cells are primarily responsible for antibody production? A) T cells B) B cells C) Macrophages
B) B cells
What is the role of the nervous system in mammals?
To coordinate and control body activities through signaling.
True or False: Ecosystems can be affected by human activities.
True
What is the role of the skin in the immune system?
To act as a physical barrier to prevent pathogen entry.
Fill in the blank: __________ are organisms that must consume other organisms for energy.
Heterotrophs
What is ecological succession?
The process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time.
