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Science > bio term 1 > Flashcards

bio term 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

What is the structure and shape of DNA?

A

Structure - Nucleotides (3 parts)

Shape - a double helix

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3
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

Contained in the nucleus

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4
Q

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

A

Phosphate, sugar, base

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5
Q

What are the complementary base pairs?

A

Adenine and Thymine

Cytosine and Guanine

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6
Q

Define gene?

A

Segments of DNA in a chromosome.

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7
Q

What are chromosomes made of?

A

segments of DNA called genes

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8
Q

How many chromosomes are there in a human cell?

A

46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

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9
Q

What is the genetic code?

A

The order of bases of each gene contains information for one characteristic. this is known as the genetic code.

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10
Q

What are the two basic functions of DNA?

A

Carry genetic information for inheritance

Coding for amino acids to produce proteins

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11
Q

Define DNA replication

A

This is to carry the genetic code accurately and pass it on to future generations.

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12
Q

What are the steps in DNA replication?

A
  1. “unzip” the DNA strand
  2. Bases of exposed strands pair up with free nucleotides forming new complementary strand
  3. The new strand is identical to the first
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13
Q

What is protein synthesis?

A

The process of making proteins in the cell

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14
Q

How do proteins work?

A
  • Amino acids link to form proteins.
  • They are synthesized in the ribosomes.
  • Must be copied to RNA which then goes through the nuclear pores.
  • The ribosome reads the codon and signals for the correct acid to be added to the protein chain.
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15
Q

Where to we get amino acids from?

A

The food we eat

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16
Q

How many amino acids are there in total?

A

20

17
Q

What are amino acids made up of?

A

1 codon

18
Q

What is a codon?

A

3 bases combined

19
Q

What does RNA stand for and what is it’s base pairs?

A

Ribonucleic acid.

Cytosine to guanine
Adenine to Uracil

20
Q

Where is RNA formed?

A

In the nucleus and cytoplasm.

21
Q

Define Alleles

A

Variety of a gene

22
Q

Define Genotypes

A

Combination of alleles. They help to determine phenotype

23
Q

Define ribosome

A

manufacture proteins

24
Q

Define Phenotype

A

A physical characteristic based on genotype

25
Q

Define Dominant trait

A

A trait that only requires a single allele to be expressed. (Capital letter)

26
Q

Define Recessive trait

A

Only expressed if there are no alleles for the dominant trait present. (lowercase)

27
Q

Define Heterozygous

A

The term used when the alleles are different. eg: Bb

28
Q

Define Homozygous

A

The term used when the alleles are the same. Also known as ‘pure breeding’.
eg: BB

29
Q

Define evolution

A

Is defined as the gradual change in a characteristic of a species over time

30
Q

What does evolution occur through? and who discovered this process?

A

Natural selection

Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace

31
Q

Define natural selection?

A

A process by which a species becomes better adapted to it’s environment

32
Q

What are two key inferences discovered from natural selection?

A
  • In the struggle to survive, those individuals most suited to their environment survive
  • Those individuals that survive pass on their traits to their children
33
Q

What is transcription?

A
  • Make a copy of gene as a strand of mRNA

- Strand leaves gene

34
Q

What is translation?

A
  • mRNA travels to ribosome
  • tRNA bring the required amino acid to the ribosomes
  • amino acids join to make protein
35
Q

What is tRNA?

A

Transfer RNA used in translation

36
Q

What is mRNA?

A

messenger RNA

37
Q

define the nucleus

A

contains the DNA/genetic material and controls the many functions of the cell

38
Q

Define nuclear pores

A

gaps in the nuclear membrane through which small molecules can pass (mRNA)

39
Q

define nucleolus

A

Located in the nucleus and contains RNA (which can be used to make mRNA)

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