Bio Study Guide 3 (Test 5) Flashcards
According to the video The Cell Cycle and Cancer, what can be a basic definition of cancer?
Cancer is in part due to cells that divide too frequently; uncontrolled.
According to the video The Cell Cycle and Cancer, which statement does not describe a reason a cell can become cancerous?
WHY a cell can become cancerous - genetic links, exposure to toxins, exposure to radiation, excessive exposure to UV light
Anything else not listed doesn’t descibe a reason why a cell can become canerous
According to the video The Cell Cycle and Cancer, what occurs during the G1/S checkpoint (what is the cell checking for)?
Checks if:
The cell is growing
DNA is damaged
The cell have the resources it needs
According to the video The Cell Cycle and Cancer, what occurs during the G2/M checkpoint (what is the cell checking for)?
If: Chromosomes are lined up in the middle correctly – that they’re attached to the spindle correctly
According to the video The Cell Cycle and Cancer, what occurs during the spindle (M) checkpoint (what is the cell checking for)?
Checks if they are connected to the spindle correctly, if not chromosomes will not separate
According to the video The Cell Cycle and Cancer, what happens when a cell does not meet a requirement of any cell cycle checkpoint?
Apoptosis - the cell self destructs
According to the video The Cell Cycle and Cancer, what (or which component of a cell) is regulating mitosis?
Proteins
According to the video The Cell Cycle and Cancer, what is the negative regular p53 responsible for?
Initiating apoptosis
Which statement describes an irreversible step of the cell cycle once it begins (and the reason we have checkpoints)?
Irreversible steps: regulate and make your DNA from 46 to 92, not lined up properly, or split your sister chromatids correctly
The G1/S cell division checkpoint is the point during which _______ (positive regulatory signals which are proteins that stimulate cell division) affect the cell cycle. For example, ________ initiates an amplifying chain of internal cell signals that stimulate cell division. Fill in the blanks.
Growth Factors, PDGF
What is the function of our p53 gene regarding the cell cycle?
P53 - monitors the integrity of DNA
What can happen to your cell cycle if (a) one copy or (b) both copies of your p53 gene is absent or damage beyond use?
A . one copy of p53 - as long as you have one copy of the gene then it is ok, but you are more susceptible to cancer
B. p53 absent - there is nothing to regulate the process and therefore cancer would begin to develop
What is the (a) definition or (b) function of proto-oncogenes?
Proto-oncogenes - (a) a cell that is precancerous, (B) promotes cycling can cdks to function
According to the video Why We Haven’t Cured Cancer, what is the basic reason we have not simply found a “magic bullet” to curing all types of cancer?
Cancer isn’t a single disease, they are all unique
According to the video Why We Haven’t Cured Cancer, what is the one thing all cancers have in common?
Uncontrolled cell division
According to the video Why We Haven’t Cured Cancer, why might most cancer drugs not work for all patients with the same type of cancer?
There can be thousands of possible combinations of mutations in a cell
According to the video Why We Haven’t Cured Cancer, even with the new discoveries in medicine, why can we not have personalized medicine currently?
Different conclusions can occur alarmingly often
Which statement describes the research completed by Pierre-Joseph van Beneden (in 1887) that lead to a new biological discovery?
found chromosomes in different types of cells
Meiosis involves the production of _________ (for example eggs and sperm) and mitosis involves the production of ________ cells (i.e. body cells). Fill in the blanks.
gametes, somatic
During the process of sexual reproduction, egg and sperm fuse to produce a single cell called a _______________.
zygote
The fusion of gametes (one egg and one sperm) to form a new cell is called _________ (i.e. fertilization).
syngamy
Why is meiosis called reduction division?
because after you’ve doubled up your genetic material, it changes when you reduced this you go from 46 —> 23
What is a difference between sexual and asexual reproduction (we discussed a few different answers to this question in class)?
Sexual reproduction - gametes are involved
Asexual reproduction - gametes are not involved (budding, fission, cloning)
In humans, how many chromosomes are found within somatic cells and how many chromosomes are found within gametes?
Chromosomes within somatic cells - (diploids) 46 chromosomes
Chromosomes within gametes - (haploids) 23 chromosomes
How do germ line cells and somatic cells differ?
Somatic cells undergo mitosis to produce identical diploid cells and germ-line cells undergo meiosis to produce haploid gametes
