Bio Study Guide 3 (Test 5)

Question 1

According to the video The Cell Cycle and Cancer, what can be a basic definition of cancer?

Answer 1

Cancer is in part due to cells that divide too frequently; uncontrolled.

Question 2

According to the video The Cell Cycle and Cancer, which statement does not describe a reason a cell can become cancerous?

Answer 2

WHY a cell can become cancerous - genetic links, exposure to toxins, exposure to radiation, excessive exposure to UV light
Anything else not listed doesn’t descibe a reason why a cell can become canerous

Question 3

According to the video The Cell Cycle and Cancer, what occurs during the G1/S checkpoint (what is the cell checking for)?

Answer 3

Checks if:
The cell is growing
DNA is damaged
The cell have the resources it needs

Question 4

According to the video The Cell Cycle and Cancer, what occurs during the G2/M checkpoint (what is the cell checking for)?

Answer 4

If: Chromosomes are lined up in the middle correctly – that they’re attached to the spindle correctly

Question 5

According to the video The Cell Cycle and Cancer, what occurs during the spindle (M) checkpoint (what is the cell checking for)?

Answer 5

Checks if they are connected to the spindle correctly, if not chromosomes will not separate

Question 6

According to the video The Cell Cycle and Cancer, what happens when a cell does not meet a requirement of any cell cycle checkpoint?

Answer 6

Apoptosis - the cell self destructs

Question 7

According to the video The Cell Cycle and Cancer, what (or which component of a cell) is regulating mitosis?

Answer 7

Proteins

Question 8

According to the video The Cell Cycle and Cancer, what is the negative regular p53 responsible for?

Answer 8

Initiating apoptosis

Question 9

Which statement describes an irreversible step of the cell cycle once it begins (and the reason we have checkpoints)?

Answer 9

Irreversible steps: regulate and make your DNA from 46 to 92, not lined up properly, or split your sister chromatids correctly

Question 10

The G1/S cell division checkpoint is the point during which _______ (positive regulatory signals which are proteins that stimulate cell division) affect the cell cycle. For example, ________ initiates an amplifying chain of internal cell signals that stimulate cell division. Fill in the blanks.

Answer 10

Growth Factors, PDGF

Question 11

What is the function of our p53 gene regarding the cell cycle?

Answer 11

P53 - monitors the integrity of DNA

Question 12

What can happen to your cell cycle if (a) one copy or (b) both copies of your p53 gene is absent or damage beyond use?

Answer 12

A . one copy of p53 - as long as you have one copy of the gene then it is ok, but you are more susceptible to cancer
B. p53 absent - there is nothing to regulate the process and therefore cancer would begin to develop

Question 13

What is the (a) definition or (b) function of proto-oncogenes?

Answer 13

Proto-oncogenes - (a) a cell that is precancerous, (B) promotes cycling can cdks to function

Question 14

According to the video Why We Haven’t Cured Cancer, what is the basic reason we have not simply found a “magic bullet” to curing all types of cancer?

Answer 14

Cancer isn’t a single disease, they are all unique

Question 15

According to the video Why We Haven’t Cured Cancer, what is the one thing all cancers have in common?

Answer 15

Uncontrolled cell division

Question 16

According to the video Why We Haven’t Cured Cancer, why might most cancer drugs not work for all patients with the same type of cancer?

Answer 16

There can be thousands of possible combinations of mutations in a cell

Question 17

According to the video Why We Haven’t Cured Cancer, even with the new discoveries in medicine, why can we not have personalized medicine currently?

Answer 17

Different conclusions can occur alarmingly often

Question 18

Which statement describes the research completed by Pierre-Joseph van Beneden (in 1887) that lead to a new biological discovery?

Answer 18

found chromosomes in different types of cells

Question 19

Meiosis involves the production of _________ (for example eggs and sperm) and mitosis involves the production of ________ cells (i.e. body cells). Fill in the blanks.

Answer 19

gametes, somatic

Question 20

During the process of sexual reproduction, egg and sperm fuse to produce a single cell called a _______________.

Answer 20

zygote

Question 21

The fusion of gametes (one egg and one sperm) to form a new cell is called _________ (i.e. fertilization).

Answer 21

syngamy

Question 22

Why is meiosis called reduction division?

Answer 22

because after you’ve doubled up your genetic material, it changes when you reduced this you go from 46 —> 23

Question 23

What is a difference between sexual and asexual reproduction (we discussed a few different answers to this question in class)?

Answer 23

Sexual reproduction - gametes are involved
Asexual reproduction - gametes are not involved (budding, fission, cloning)

Question 24

In humans, how many chromosomes are found within somatic cells and how many chromosomes are found within gametes?

Answer 24

Chromosomes within somatic cells - (diploids) 46 chromosomes
Chromosomes within gametes - (haploids) 23 chromosomes

Question 25

How do germ line cells and somatic cells differ?

Answer 25

Somatic cells undergo mitosis to produce identical diploid cells and germ-line cells undergo meiosis to produce haploid gametes