Bio Study Guide 1 (Test 5) Flashcards
What is the basic definition of binary fission?
Bacterial cell division; only applies to bacteria
Which eukaryotic kingdom of organisms have the most chromosomes on average per individual?
Plants
How many chromosomes do humans have within their normal body cells?
46 Chromosomes
If someone is considered monosomy regarding their chromosomes, what does that mean?
They have one less chromosome
If someone is considered trisomy regarding their chromosomes, what does that mean?
They have an extra chromosome
Regarding chromosome and chromatin structures, within the _______________, every 200 nucleotides, the DNA duplex is coiled around a core of eight histone proteins. Fill in the blank.
Nucleosome
What is a Karyotype
A physical representation of your chromosomes
Regrading chromosome and chromatin structures, a string of nucleosomes wrap into higher-order coiled called ______________. Fill in the blank.
Solenoids
According to the video Chromosomes and Karyotypes, why are chromosomes packed so tightly? (there are two reasons, know both of them)
1.DNA has to fit inside a nucleus
2.Really important for when you make more cells (i.e mitosis)
According to the video Chromosomes and Karyotypes, chromosomes are bound in a region called the ____________. Fill in the blank.
centromere
According to the video Chromosomes and Karyotypes, during what phase of mitosis are karyotypes stained and observed? Why?
Metaphase - At this stage, the chromosomes are distinguishable when viewed through a microscope
According to the video Chromosomes and Karyotypes, twenty-two pairs of your chromosomes are called autosomes. What does this mean?
Autosomes - aren’t related to your biological sex
According to the video Chromosomes and Karyotypes, the last pair of chromosomes (pair twenty-three) are called sex chromosomes. What does them mean? How are males and females sex chromosomes different?
Means: they determine biological sex
-Different since females have 2 X chromosomes, and males have 1 X and 1 Y chromosome
What is the difference between the terms haploid and diploid?
Haploid has 1 set of chromosomes and Diploid has 2
What does the term homologous mean regarding chromosomes?
It means the same set of chromosomes
Which statement describes what occurs during the stage of interphase?
A cell grows → replicates its chromosomes → prepares for cell division
Which statement describes what occurs during the S stage of interphase?
A specific DNA sequence bound at the centromere
What is the simple definition of cytokinesis which takes place at the end of mitosis?
Cytokinesis- officially splitting the cell
According to the video Mitosis – The Amazing Cell Process that Uses Division to Multiply, during the cell cycle, ninety-percent of the time the cell is completing __________ and ten-percent of the time __________. Fill in the blanks.
interphase, mitosis
According to the video Mitosis – The Amazing Cell Process that Uses Division to Multiply, during interphase, you go from having 46 chromosomes and 46 chromatids to 46 chromosomes (still) and 92 chromatids. Why?
46 chromosomes replicating in interphase
-When the 46 chromosomes duplicate, we still say they’re 46 chromosomes, but the sister chromotids are still attached and we’re counting by centromeres
-(centromeres explained in #15)
During the stage of interphase, where do the microtubules begin to attach to on a sister chromatid?
Kinetochores
During the stage of interphase, centrioles start to be produced. What is their general function once mitosis begins?
Centrioles help to arrange the microtubules that move chromosomes during cell division to ensure each daughter cell receives the appropriate number of chromosomes.
What takes place for you to officially know that the stage of interphase has now turned into prophase of mitosis? (we discussed one main thing in class)
When chromatins become full of chromosomes
What is a difference between the plant and animal prophase stage of mitosis (we discussed one main difference)?
Aster formation does not occur in the plant process of prophase
What takes place for you to officially know that the stage of prophase of mitosis has now turned into metaphase of mitosis?
When all of the chromosomes are lined up on the metaphase plate
What takes place for you to officially know that the stage of metaphase of mitosis has now turned into anaphase of mitosis?
Indicator of Anaphase - as soon as the sister chromatids are being split
What takes place for you to officially know that the stage of anaphase of mitosis has now turned into telophase of mitosis?
Indicator of telophase - you have separation
Which statement accurately describes the end product of mitosis?
Two diploid cells that are genetically identical to each other and the parent cell.
Why do plant cells not use actin to separate their cells at the end of telophase (during cytokinesis)?
They dont use actin to separate their cells because the cell wall cannot be broken
