Bio (review) Flashcards
Atom
The smallest whole unit of matter – composed of subatomic particles – protons and neutrons located in the nucleus
Where are electrons located?
In energy shells surrounding the nucleus
Element
Pure substance composed of all the same type of atoms
- eg) O2
Compound
Maude up of 2 or more atoms of different elements bounded together in a fixed ratio
- eg) H2O
How is a molecule formed?
When atoms join together
Could a molecule be either an element or a compound?
Both
Symbiosis
A situation in which 2 organisms live in close contact and at least one benefits
What are 3 types of symbiosis?
- Mutualism
- Parasitism
- Commensalism
Mutualism
A situation in which 2 organisms live in close contact and both benefit
Parasitism
A situation in which one organism lives in or on another organism and feeds on that organism (one benefits and one gets hurt)
Commensalism
A situation in which 2 organisms lives in close contact; one benefits and the other is not affected
What is an example of a parasitism?
Lice
What is an example of commensalism?
Ivy growing on a tree trunk
Invasive species
Species introduced by humans into new environments with unforeseen consequences
Monoculture
Crops grow in large fields containing a single kind of plant
Climate change
Large quantities of greenhouse gases produced and emitted that trap thermal energy in the atmosphere
Extirpation
Habitat loss and pollution which can lead to the loss of a species from a particular region – isolated habitat loss
Cytoplasm
Jelly like fluid inside cell – surrounds organelles and contains a “soup” of important chemicals needed for cells processes
Vacuole
Membrane sacks – store food and water
Do plant cells have vacuoles?
Yes
What do vacuoles do in plant cells?
Maintains cell shape
Lysosome
Vacuole with digestive enzymes
What do lysosomes do?
They break down food and is involved in apoptosis
Apoptosis
Cell death
Cell membrane
Membrane filled with proteins and enzymes
What does the cell membrane do?
Control what goes in and what comes out of the cells, separates cell from external environment
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
System of tubes made from membranes
What does the ER do?
Transports proteins and other material throughout the cell
Ribosome
Very small structures made of DNA and protein
Where are ribosomes normally found?
On the ER
What do ribosomes do?
They make proteins by “reading” the genetic code
Golgi body
Membrane tubes in a bundle with buds of membrane coming off
What does the golgi body do?
They sort, modify, package and ship proteins
What organelle has a double membrane?
Mitochondria
What does the mitochondria do? (2)
- It is the powerhouse of the cell. It produces energy from food such as sugars
- Performs cellular respiration
Nuclear membrane
Membrane around the nucleus that is very porous
What does the nuclear membrane do? (2)
- It allows the genetic code to be communicated with the ribosomes
- Allows other materials in and out of the nucleus
Nucleus
Circular structure inside membrane
What does the nucleus do?
Holds and protects chromatin
Nucleolus
Circular structure inside the nucleus
What does the nucleolus do?
Makes ribosomes
What organelle is only found in animal cells?
Centrioles
Centrioles
2 perpendicular bundles of tubes
What are centrioles involved in?
Cell division
What 2 organelles are only found in plant cells?
- Chloroplast
2. Cell wall
Chloroplast
Oval shaped organelle filled with stacks of proteins
Where is the main site of photosynthesis?
Chlorplast
What does chloroplast do?
Makes sugars to fuel the mitochondria
What does chlorophyll do?
Allows cells to trap suns energy for photosynthesis
Cell wall
Thick, geometric tough/hard outer covering of the cell
What are 2 functions of the cell wall?
- Maintains structure for the cell
2. Separates the cell from external environment
What feature do flagellum/cilla have? What are they used for?
- Whip like tails
2. Used for locomotion
Cell cycle
Entire period of a cells life
What are the 4 stages of the cell cycle?
- Interphase
- G1
- G2
- Mitosis
Unicellular
Organisms with one cell
Multicellular
Organisms with more than one cell
Micro-organism
And organism of microscopic/small size that can be seen using a microscope
What are 2 examples of micro-organisms?
- Bacteria
- eg) E. Coli - Fungi
- Yeast
Hypothesis
A predicted, educated answer with a theoretical explanation to a testable question which the experiment attempts to answer
What does the hypothesis state?
The relationship between the dependent and independent variables
Independent variable
The variable which is manipulated
- should only be one
Dependant variable
The measured variable
- responds to changes in the independant variable
Controlled experiment
Experiment that involves only one independent variable and multiple controlled variables, and also involved a control group to serve as a basis for comparison
