Bio - Chapter 1 Flashcards
Biological diversity
The number and variety of species and ecosystems on earth
What are the 3 types of biological diversity?
- Species diversity
- Structural diversity
- Genetic diversity
Species diversity
Variety of different species where the quantity of each species contributes to overall diversity
Structural diversity
Variation in the types of ecosystems and habitats
What are 3 things structural diversity is based on?
- Size
- Shape
- Distribution
Genetic diversity
The genetic variability among organisms
- usually referring to individuals of the same species
What happens to change when there is more biodiversity?
There is more resistant to change
What does more feeding relationships ensure?
Consistent food supplies
What happens when more niches are filled?
There is more nutrient cycling
What are 3 examples of maintenance of ecosystem services?
- Water filtration
- Oxygen production
- Pollination
What are 5 threats to biodiversity?
- Habitat loss
- Climate change
- Over exploitation
- Invasive species
- Pollution
Biological species concept
All organisms capable of breeding freely with each other under natural conditions and producing fertile offspring
What is a disadvantage to the biological species concept?
Some plants under go hybridization
Hybridization
The cross breeding of 2 different species, some organisms only reproduce asexually, of species are geographically separate they cannot mate
What can hybridization eventually lead to?
Extinction
Morphological species concept
Species based on morphology physical appearance and characteristics
What is a disadvanatage to morphological species concept?
Significant variation can exist within a species
Phylogenetic species concept
Based on an organisms evolutionary relatedness between and among species
What is a disadvantage to phylogenetic species concept? (2) And whats the end result?
- Evolutionary histories are not known for all species
- Species can change over time and space (as they evolve)
- Can result in the formation of a new species
Taxonomy
The science of classifying all organisms (living and fossil)
What are 3 challenges with taxonomy?
- Different species can have very similar morphologies
- Individuals of the same species can change during different phases of their life cycle
- Variation occurs between males and females (sexual dimorphism)
Dichotomous key
Identification that sues a series of paired comparisons to sort organisms into smaller and smaller groups based on various characteristics until the organism is defined
Carl Linnaeus
Father of traditional taxonomy who based his groupings on similarities among organisms themselves as opposed to where they might live
Who was the first to practice taxonomy?
Carl Linnaeus
Binomial nomenclature
The formal system of naming species whereby each species is assigned a genus name formal by a specific species name
Genus
A taxonomic level consisting of a group of species that share similar characteristics
Morphology
The science of classifying organisms based on physical appearance and characteristics
What is an advantage to morphology? (2)
- Simple
2. Convenient to group based on appearance and characteristics
What are disadvantages to morphology?
- More subjective
2. May overlook genetic relatedness
Evolution
The scientific theory that describes changes in species over time and their shared ability
Phylogeny
The study of evolutionary relatedness between and among species
What are 4 forms of evidence that can be used to determine evolutionary relatedness?
- Anatomical characteristics
- homologous structures - Developmental comparisons
- stages of embryonic development - Biochemistry
- comparing proteins in organisms - DNA comparison
- type of biochemistry
Homologous structures
Biological features that have a common evolutionary origin
What are 2 advantages to the evidence used to determine evolutionary relatedness?
- Not limited to a set number of taxonomic ranks
2. Its accurate because DNA is not influences by the environment
What are 4 disadvantages to the evidence used to determine evolutionary relatedness?
- May require fossil analysis
- In many cases the DNA of extinct species is not available
- Expensive
- Could take a long time
Phylogenetic tree
A diagram depicting the evolutionary relationships between different species or groups
Clade
A taxonomic group that includes a single common ancestor and all its descendants
Cladogram
Similar to a phylogenetic tree in that is shows evolutionary relatedness, but are more commonly hypotheses of evolution relatedness based on characteristics
What are the 7 hierarchy of groups?
- Domain
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
Who added the domain group? What year was it added?
- Carl Woese
2. 1996
What are 3 examples of the domain groups?
- Eubacteria
- Archaea
- Eukarya
What are 4 examples of kingdom groups?
- Protista
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Animalia
