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Review (Ultrasound) > Bio - Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Bio - Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Biological diversity

A

The number and variety of species and ecosystems on earth

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of biological diversity?

A
  1. Species diversity
  2. Structural diversity
  3. Genetic diversity
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3
Q

Species diversity

A

Variety of different species where the quantity of each species contributes to overall diversity

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4
Q

Structural diversity

A

Variation in the types of ecosystems and habitats

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5
Q

What are 3 things structural diversity is based on?

A
  1. Size
  2. Shape
  3. Distribution
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6
Q

Genetic diversity

A

The genetic variability among organisms

- usually referring to individuals of the same species

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7
Q

What happens to change when there is more biodiversity?

A

There is more resistant to change

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8
Q

What does more feeding relationships ensure?

A

Consistent food supplies

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9
Q

What happens when more niches are filled?

A

There is more nutrient cycling

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10
Q

What are 3 examples of maintenance of ecosystem services?

A
  1. Water filtration
  2. Oxygen production
  3. Pollination
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11
Q

What are 5 threats to biodiversity?

A
  1. Habitat loss
  2. Climate change
  3. Over exploitation
  4. Invasive species
  5. Pollution
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12
Q

Biological species concept

A

All organisms capable of breeding freely with each other under natural conditions and producing fertile offspring

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13
Q

What is a disadvantage to the biological species concept?

A

Some plants under go hybridization

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14
Q

Hybridization

A

The cross breeding of 2 different species, some organisms only reproduce asexually, of species are geographically separate they cannot mate

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15
Q

What can hybridization eventually lead to?

A

Extinction

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16
Q

Morphological species concept

A

Species based on morphology physical appearance and characteristics

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17
Q

What is a disadvanatage to morphological species concept?

A

Significant variation can exist within a species

18
Q

Phylogenetic species concept

A

Based on an organisms evolutionary relatedness between and among species

19
Q

What is a disadvantage to phylogenetic species concept? (2) And whats the end result?

A
  1. Evolutionary histories are not known for all species
  2. Species can change over time and space (as they evolve)
  3. Can result in the formation of a new species
20
Q

Taxonomy

A

The science of classifying all organisms (living and fossil)

21
Q

What are 3 challenges with taxonomy?

A
  1. Different species can have very similar morphologies
  2. Individuals of the same species can change during different phases of their life cycle
  3. Variation occurs between males and females (sexual dimorphism)
22
Q

Dichotomous key

A

Identification that sues a series of paired comparisons to sort organisms into smaller and smaller groups based on various characteristics until the organism is defined

23
Q

Carl Linnaeus

A

Father of traditional taxonomy who based his groupings on similarities among organisms themselves as opposed to where they might live

24
Q

Who was the first to practice taxonomy?

A

Carl Linnaeus

25
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

The formal system of naming species whereby each species is assigned a genus name formal by a specific species name

26
Q

Genus

A

A taxonomic level consisting of a group of species that share similar characteristics

27
Q

Morphology

A

The science of classifying organisms based on physical appearance and characteristics

28
Q

What is an advantage to morphology? (2)

A
  1. Simple

2. Convenient to group based on appearance and characteristics

29
Q

What are disadvantages to morphology?

A
  1. More subjective

2. May overlook genetic relatedness

30
Q

Evolution

A

The scientific theory that describes changes in species over time and their shared ability

31
Q

Phylogeny

A

The study of evolutionary relatedness between and among species

32
Q

What are 4 forms of evidence that can be used to determine evolutionary relatedness?

A
  1. Anatomical characteristics
    - homologous structures
  2. Developmental comparisons
    - stages of embryonic development
  3. Biochemistry
    - comparing proteins in organisms
  4. DNA comparison
    - type of biochemistry
33
Q

Homologous structures

A

Biological features that have a common evolutionary origin

34
Q

What are 2 advantages to the evidence used to determine evolutionary relatedness?

A
  1. Not limited to a set number of taxonomic ranks

2. Its accurate because DNA is not influences by the environment

35
Q

What are 4 disadvantages to the evidence used to determine evolutionary relatedness?

A
  1. May require fossil analysis
  2. In many cases the DNA of extinct species is not available
  3. Expensive
  4. Could take a long time
36
Q

Phylogenetic tree

A

A diagram depicting the evolutionary relationships between different species or groups

37
Q

Clade

A

A taxonomic group that includes a single common ancestor and all its descendants

38
Q

Cladogram

A

Similar to a phylogenetic tree in that is shows evolutionary relatedness, but are more commonly hypotheses of evolution relatedness based on characteristics

39
Q

What are the 7 hierarchy of groups?

A
  1. Domain
  2. Kingdom
  3. Phylum
  4. Class
  5. Order
  6. Family
  7. Genus
  8. Species
40
Q

Who added the domain group? What year was it added?

A
  1. Carl Woese

2. 1996

41
Q

What are 3 examples of the domain groups?

A
  1. Eubacteria
  2. Archaea
  3. Eukarya
42
Q

What are 4 examples of kingdom groups?

A
  1. Protista
  2. Fungi
  3. Plantae
  4. Animalia

Review (Ultrasound) (6 decks)

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