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Review (Ultrasound) > Bio - Chapter 2 (Part 2) > Flashcards

Bio - Chapter 2 (Part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What are 5 types of archaea?

A
  1. Methanogens
  2. Extreme halophiles
  3. Extreme thermophiles
  4. Psychrophiles
  5. Acidophiles
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2
Q

What type of environment do methanogens live in? (3)

A
  1. Low oxygen
  2. Anaerobic
  3. High methane
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3
Q

What time of environments to extreme halophiles live in? (2)

A
  1. High salt

2. Saline environment

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4
Q

What type of environments do extreme thermophiles live in?

A

Extremely hot environment

- 70 to 90 dec C

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5
Q

What type of environments do psychrophiles live in?

A

Extremely cold

- -10 to -20 deg C

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6
Q

What types of environments do acidophiles live in?

A

Very acidic

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7
Q

What are 2 characteristics of a bacteria cell?

A
  1. Plasmids

2. Capsule

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8
Q

Plasmids

A

Small loop of DNA often found in prokaryotic cells that contain a small umber of genes
- transferred in conjugation

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9
Q

Capsule

A

An outer layer on some bacteria, provides some protection for the cell
- reduces water loss, resists high temperature and helps keep out viruses and antibiotics

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10
Q

What are 6 different shapes of bacteria?

A
  1. Cocci
  2. Bacill
  3. Sprill
  4. Diplo
  5. Strepto
  6. Styphlo
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11
Q

What shape is cocci?

A

Round

- resists drying

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12
Q

What shape is Bacill?

A

Rod-shaped

- increased surface area for nutrient absorption

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13
Q

What is the shape of sprill?

A

Sprial shaped

- easier movement, locomotion

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14
Q

Diplo

A

Pair

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15
Q

Strepto

A

Chain

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16
Q

Styphlo

A

Cluster

- similar to grapes

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17
Q

What are 2 types of eubacteria reproduction?

A
  1. Binary fission
    - asexual
  2. Conjugation
    - sexual
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18
Q

What are 3 advantages to binary fission?

A
  1. Exponential growth
  2. Only one parent needed
  3. Conserves energy
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19
Q

What are 3 disadvantages to binary fission?

A
  1. No genetic diversity
  2. Higher risk for extinction
  3. Rapid reproduction leads to high mutation rate and competition
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20
Q

How does conjugation work? (2)

A
  1. A pilus is formed between 2 cells

2. DNA is transferred from one cell to the other

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21
Q

What is an advantage to conjugation?

A

It can increase the likelihood that cells could adapt to changing conditions

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22
Q

What is transformation?

A

When a cell takes in DNA from the environment and uses it

23
Q

What is horizontal gene transfer?

A

It is any process in which one species gets DNA from a different species

24
Q

What is an advantage to horizontal gene transfer?

A

It allows for genetic variation which increases likelihood of species resisting change

25
Q

What are 4 disadvantages of horizontal gene transfer?

A
  1. Slower
  2. Requires more energy
  3. Requires a partner
  4. Could obtain bad DNA
26
Q

Endospore formation (dormant phase)

A

Bacteria develop a small, seed like structure consisting of a tough outer coating surrounding the DNA and a small amount of cytoplasm

27
Q

What happens with endospore formation in good conditions?

A

Endospore loses coat and bacteria returns to normal growth

28
Q

What are 2 advantages to endospore formation?

A
  1. Likely have a longer lifespan

2. Can resist unfavourable conditions

29
Q

What are 3 disadvantages to endospore formation?

A
  1. Slow
  2. No growth
  3. No reproduction
30
Q

Serial endosymbiosis

A

Specifies the relationship between organisms which live on or within a mutually beneficial relationship
- the process through which eukaryotic cells evolved

31
Q

Endosymbiont

A

The cell that lives within another/the host cell

32
Q

How do ancestral prokaryote cells form nucleus’s?

A

Through infolding of plasma membrane

33
Q

What was an mitochondria ancestor?

A

It was an aerobic heterotrophic prokaryote, was engulfed and became the endosymbiont within the larger anaerobic prokaryote

34
Q

What was a chloroplast ancestor?

A

It was a photosynthetic prokaryote that was engulfed and became the endosymbiont

35
Q

What are 5 pieces of evidence of the ancestors mitochondria and chloroplast?

A
  1. Mitochondria and chloroplast have their own internal DNA
    - and its circular
  2. Both have genes similar to those of bacteria, their ribosomes are similar too
  3. Both divide not by mitosis, but by binary fission like bacteria
  4. Both are appropriate sizes to be descendants of bacteria and both have membranes
  5. Both move freely about cell
36
Q

What are 4 characteristics for protista?

A
  1. Extremely diverse characteristics
  2. First eukaryotes
  3. Most aquatic organisms
  4. Most unicellular (some are multicellular)
37
Q

What does the name protozoa mean?

A

First animal

38
Q

What are 3 examples of protozoa?

A
  1. Euglenoids
  2. Ciliates
  3. Apicomplexa
39
Q

How do more organsims from the protozoa group eat their food?

A

By engulfing it

40
Q

Algal protists

A

Form the base of the food chain for most aquatic habitats

41
Q

What are 2 examples of algal protists?

A
  1. Diatoms

2. Red algae

42
Q

What are slime moulds?

A

They are decomposers in forested ecosystems

43
Q

What are water moulds?

A

They are decomposers in algae, leaves, etc in aquatic ecosystems

44
Q

What 2 generations make up the life cycle?

A
  1. Haploid

2. Diploid

45
Q

Haploid

A

One set of chromosomes or genetic material

- gametophyte

46
Q

Diploid

A

2 sets of chromosomes

- sporophyte

47
Q

When to gametophytes fuse and what do they create?

A
  1. They fuse during fertilization
  2. They develop into sporophytes
  • then the cycle repeats
48
Q

Euglenoids (3)

A
  1. Unicellular autotrophs
  2. 2 flagella for moving
  3. Outer surface covered in stiff proteins
49
Q

Ciliates (3)

A
  1. Unicellular heterotrophs
  2. Many cilia
  3. No cell wall
50
Q

Apicomplexa (3)

A
  1. Unicellular heterotrophs
  2. No cell wall
  3. All are parasites of animals
51
Q

Diatoms (3)

A
  1. Unicellular autotrophs
  2. Moving by gliding
  3. Covered by glass like silica shells
52
Q

Amoebas (3)

A
  1. Autotrophs
  2. Some have hard outer skeletons
  3. Move by extensions of the cytoplasm called pseudopods
53
Q

Slime moulds (3)

A
  1. Heterotrophs, decomposers
  2. Life cycles have unicellular and multicellular stages
  3. Move with flagella or pseudopods
54
Q

Red algae (3)

A
  1. Almost all multicellular
    - autotrophs
  2. No cilia or flagella
  3. Cell walls made of cellulose

Review (Ultrasound) (6 decks)

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