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Biological Psych > Bio Psych 1: Anatomy of the brain > Flashcards

Bio Psych 1: Anatomy of the brain Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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2
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system connect the brain and spinal cord to?

A

The rest of the body

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3
Q

What does the somatic nervous system consist of?

A

the axons conveying messages from the sense organs to the CNS and from the CNS to the muscles

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4
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system control?

A

the autonomic nervous system controls the body’s organs

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5
Q

What does the enteric nervous system control?

A

A special part of the autonomic nervous system is the enteric nervous system which controls the digestive system

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6
Q

What does dorsal mean?

A

dorsal means toward the back

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7
Q

What does ventral mean?

A

ventral means toward the stomach

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8
Q

What does anterior mean?

A

Toward the front end

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9
Q

What does posterior mean?

A

Toward the rear end

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10
Q

What does superior mean?

A

Above another part

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11
Q

What does inferior mean?

A

Below another part

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12
Q

What does lateral mean?

A

Toward the side, away from the midline

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13
Q

What does medial mean?

A

Toward the midline, away from the side

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14
Q

What does proximal mean?

A

Located close to the point of origin or attachment

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15
Q

What does distal mean?

A

Located more distant from the point of origin or attachment

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16
Q

What does ipsilateral mean?

A

On the same side of the body

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17
Q

What does contralateral mean?

A

On the opposite side of the body

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18
Q

What does coronal plane mean?

A

A plane that shows brain structures as seen from the front

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19
Q

What does sagittal plane mean?

A

A plane that shows brain structures as seen from the side

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20
Q

What does horizontal plane mean?

A

A plane that shows brain structures as seen from above

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21
Q

What does lamina mean?

A

A row or layer of cell bodies separated from other cell bodies by a layer of axons and dendrites

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22
Q

What does column mean?

A

A set of cells perpendicular to the surface of the cortex, with similar properties

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23
Q

What is a tract?

A

A set of axons within the CNS, also known as a projection

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24
Q

What is a nerve?

A

Set of axons in the periphery, either from the CNS to a muscle or gland or from a sensory organ to the CNS

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25
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

A cluster of neuron cell bodies within the CNS

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26
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

A cluster of neuron cell bodies, usually outside the CNS (as in the sympathetic nervous system)

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27
Q

What is a gyrus?

A

A protuberance on the surface of the brain

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28
Q

What is a sulcus?

A

A fold or groove that separates one gyrus from another

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29
Q

What is a fissure?

A

A long, deep sulcus

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30
Q

What does the spinal cord communicate with?

A

communicates with all the sense organs and muscles except those of the head

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31
Q

What do dorsal roots do in the central nervous system?

A

dorsal roots (axon bundles) carry sensory information

32
Q

What do exiting ventral roots carry?

A

exiting ventral roots carry motor information

33
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the sensory neurons?

A

The cell bodies of the sensory neurons are in clusters of neurons outside the spinal cord, called the dorsal root ganglia

34
Q

Where are cell bodies of the motor neurons?

A

Cell bodies of the motor neurons are inside the spinal cord

35
Q

What is grey matter in the centre of the cord packed with?

A

gray matter in the center of the cord is densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites.

36
Q

What does white matter have in it?

A

white matter contains myelinated axons

37
Q

What does each segment of the spinal cord send and receive? What does that information pass through?

A

Each segment of the spinal cord sends sensory information to the brain and receives motor commands from the brain. All that information passes through tracts of axons in the spinal cord.

38
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system consist of?

A

The autonomic nervous system consists of neurons that receive information from and send commands to the heart, intestines, and other organs

39
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system consist of?

A

consists of chains of ganglia just to the left and right of the spinal cord’s central regions (the thoracic and lumbar areas).

40
Q

What do sympathetic axons prepare the organs for?

A

Fight or flight- increasing breathing and heart rate and decreasing digestive activity.

41
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system known as?

A

The “rest and digest” system

42
Q

What effects does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the body?

A

Parasympathetic activity decreases heart rate, increases digestive rate, and, in general, conserves energy

43
Q

What does the PNS’s axons release into the organs?

A

parasympathetic nervous system’s axons release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine onto the organs.

44
Q

What do most SNS axons release?

A

Norepinephrine

45
Q

How many divisions does the brain have and what are they?

A

The brain has three major divisions: hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain

46
Q

What does the hindbrain consist of?

A

hindbrain, the posterior part of the brain, consists of the medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum. © Cengage

47
Q

What are these major divisions also known as?

A

rhombencephalon, mesencephalon, and prosencephalon

48
Q

What structures make up the brain stem?

A

The medulla and pons, the midbrain, and certain central structures of the forebrain constitute the brainstem

49
Q

What can the medulla be regarded as?

A

medulla, or medulla oblongata, can be regarded as an enlarged extension of the spinal cord

50
Q

What major structures are found in the diencephalon (between brain)

A

thalamus, hypothalamus

51
Q

What major structures are found in the mesencephalon?

A

Tectum, tegmentum, superior colliculus, inferior colliculus and substantia nigra

52
Q

What major structures are found in the rhombencephalon?

A

Medulla, pons, cerebellum

53
Q

What do the cranial nerves originating in the medulla control?

A

The cranial nerves originating in the medulla control vital reflexes such as breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, and sneezing.

54
Q

What does the cerebellum control?

A

learning, memory, attention, visual-spatial processing, language, recognising emotional expressions, or social behaviour

55
Q

What is the roof of the midbrain called?

A

The roof of the midbrain is called the tectum

56
Q

What are the swellings on each side of the tectum called?

A

The swellings on each side of the tectum are the superior colliculus and the inferior colliculus

57
Q

Why are the superior and inferior colliculus important?

A

Both are important for sensory processing—the inferior colliculus for hearing and the superior colliculus for vision

58
Q

What lies under the tectum?

A

under the tectum lies the tegmentum, the intermediate level of the midbrain

59
Q

What does the substantia nigra do?

A

Another midbrain structure, the substantial nigra, gives rise to a dopamine-containing pathway that facilitates readiness for movement

60
Q

What is the outside of the forebrain called?

A

The outer portion is the cerebral cortex

61
Q

What is the hypothalamus vital for?

A

The hypothalamus is essential for control of eating, drinking, temperature control, and reproductive behaviours

62
Q

What is the amygdala vital for?

A

The amygdala is part of acircuit that is central for evaluating emotional information, especially with regard to fear

63
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

the thalamus is a pair of structures (left and right) in the centre of the forebrain

64
Q

What goes to the thalamus and what does it do with it?

A

Most sensory information goes first to the thalamus, which processes it and sends output to the cerebral cortex

65
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

a small area just ventral to the thalamus

66
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

conveys messages to the pituitary gland, altering its release of hormones

67
Q

What can damage to the hypothalamus do?

A

Damage in the hypothalamus leads to abnormalities in motivated behaviours, such as feeding, drinking, temperature regulation, sexual behaviour, or fighting

68
Q

What are the basal ganglia?

A

a group of subcortical structures lateral to the thalamus, including the caudate nucleus, the putamen and the globus pallidus

69
Q

What do the basal ganglia do?

A

The basal ganglia integrate motivational and emotional behaviour to increase the vigour of selected actions. They are critical for gradual learning of skills and habits

70
Q

What does the nucleus basalis do?

A

receives input from the hypothalamus and basal ganglia and sends axons that release acetylcholine to widespread areas in the cerebral cortex

71
Q

What is the nucleus basalis important for?

A

nucleus basalis is a key system for arousal, wakeful-ness, and attention

72
Q

What is the hippocampus?

A

large structure between the thalamus and the cerebral cortex, mostly toward the posterior of the fore-brain

73
Q

What is the hippocampus critical for?

A

Memories

74
Q

What are ventricles?

A

four fluid-filled cavities within the brain

75
Q

What do ventricles produce?

A

cerebrospinal fluid

76
Q

Why is CSF important?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid cushions the brain against mechanical shock when the head moves, cerebrospinal fluid helps support the weight of the brain, and it provides a reservoir of hormones and nutrition for the brain and spinal cord

Biological Psych (6 decks)

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