Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biological Psych > Bio Psych 2a: Neurons > Flashcards

Bio Psych 2a: Neurons Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What is biological psychology?

A

The study of the physiological, evolutionary, and developmental mechanisms of behaviours and experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What two kinds of cells are consistent in the nervous system

A

Neurons and glia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do neurons do?

A

Neurons receive information and transmit it to other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What was one of Cajal’s major contributions?

A

The idea that the brain consists of individual cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the surface of the neuron cell called?

A

Membrane or plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the membrane?

A

A structure that separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do protein channels in the membrane do?

A

Permit a controlled flow of water, oxygen, sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and other important chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

Contains chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

Synthesise new protein molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

A network of thin tubes that transport newly synthesised proteins to other locations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do mitochondria do?

A

Perform metabolic activities, providing energy that the cell uses for all activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the brain dependent on?

A

Good mitochondrial functioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why does the brain require good mitochondrial functioning?

A

Brain activity requires more energy than any other organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do mitochondria have their own of?

A

Mitochondria have their own genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do all neurons include?

A

A soma (cell body)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do most neurons have?

A

Most neurons have dendrites, an axon, and presynaptic terminals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is the motor neuron’s soma?

A

In the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where does a motor neuron receive excitation?

A

It receives excitation through its dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where dies a motor neuron conduct its impulses?

A

It conducts its impulses along its axon to a muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why is a sensory neuron specialised at one end?

A

To be highly sensitive to a particular type of stimulation, such as touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where does a sensory neuron conduct touch information to?

A

From the skin to the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Branching fibres that get narrower near their ends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the dendrite surface lined with?

A

Specialised synaptic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is received at dendrite synaptic receptors?

A

Information from other neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What do many dendrites contain?

A

Dendritic spines

26
Q

What are dendritic spines?

A

Short outgrowths that increase the surface area available for synapses

27
Q

What does the soma (cell body) contain?

A

Nucleus, ribosomes, and mitochondria

28
Q

In many neurons, what is the cell body (soma) covered with?

A

Synapses

29
Q

What is the axon?

A

A thin fibre of constant diameter

30
Q

What does the axon convey to other neurons, an organ or a muscle?

A

An impulse

31
Q

What does an axon have near its end?

A

Branches

32
Q

What are many vertebrate axons covered with?

A

An insulating material known as the myelin sheath

33
Q

What are the interruptions in the myelin sheath called?

A

Nodes of ranvier

34
Q

What do invertebrate axons not have?

A

Myelin sheaths

35
Q

What does a neurone only have one of, despite having many dendrites?

A

An axon

36
Q

Can axons have branches?

A

Yes

37
Q

What is at the end of each branch?

A

A swelling, known as a presynaptic terminal

38
Q

What happens at the presynaptic terminal?

A

The axon releases chemicals that cross to another cell

39
Q

What does an afferent axon do?

A

Brings information into a structure

40
Q

What does an efferent axon do?

A

Carries information away from a structure

41
Q

What is every sensory neuron to the nervous system?

A

Afferent

42
Q

What is every motor neurone from the nervous system?

A

Efferent

43
Q

What is an intrinsic neuron?

A

When the cell’s dendrites and axon are entirely contained within a single structure

44
Q

What do glia do?

A

Hold the neurons together

45
Q

How many types of glia does the brain have?

A

Several

46
Q

What shape are astrocytes?

A

Star-shaped

47
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

Wrap around the dendrites connecting to functional, related axons

48
Q

Why are astrocytes wrapping round connections between neurons important?

A

By surrounding a connection between neurons, an astrocyte shields it from chemicals circulating in the surround

49
Q

How do astrocytes help synchronise closely related neurons, enabling their axons to send messages in waves?

A

By taking up the ions and transmitters released by axons and then releasing them back

50
Q

What are astrocytes therefore important for?

A

Generating rhythms, such as your rhythm of breathing

51
Q

What do astrocytes do to blood vessels?

A

Dilate blood vessels to bring more nutrients into the most active brain areas

52
Q

What does the hypothesis known as the tripartite synapse state?

A

The tip of an axon releases chemicals that cause the neighbouring astrocyte to release its own chemicals, thus modifying the message to the next neuron

53
Q

In some brain areas, what do astrocytes respond to and influence?

A

They respond to hormones and influence neurons

54
Q

What do astrocytes also control?

A

The critical period for modification of the visual cortex early in life

55
Q

What do microglia do?

A

Act as part of the immune system, removing viruses and fungi from the brain. They proliferate after brain damage, removing dead or damaged neurons

56
Q

What do astrocytes and microglia do together?

A

Prune ineffective synapses and adjust the effectiveness of others

57
Q

What is another function of microglia?

A

To provide negative feedback to out the brakes on neural activity

58
Q

Where are oligodendrocytes?

A

In the brain and spinal cord

59
Q

Where are Schwann cells?

A

In the periphery of the body

60
Q

What do oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells do together?

A

Build the myelin sheaths that surround and insulate certain vertebrate axons. They also supply an axon with nutrients necessary for proper functioning

61
Q

How do oligodendrocytes respond to neural activity?

A

By altering the myelin sheaths, thereby altering the timing of axons’ responses

62
Q

What do radial glia do?

A

Guide the migration of neurons and their axons and dendrites during embryonic development

Biological Psych (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions