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Semester 1 > Bio Midterm > Flashcards

Bio Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

Two kinds of organisms

A

1.Organisms are made of cells-Smallest unit of life
Unicellular and Multicellular

Unicellular organisms-one cell
Amoeba and E.coli

Multicellular organisms-many cells
Galbladder and animals

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2
Q

Cell Reproduce by Cell Division in unicellular and multicellular organisms

A

Unicellular organism
New cell are produced from old cells- cell division

Multicellular organisms
Cell division is important for creating body shapes

a.Start w/ a single cell-egg
Cell division

b.Embryo
Cell division and body shape formation

c.An actual thing

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3
Q

How do organisms Use and Transform Energy (plants and Animals) and what is Metabolism

A

Plants use sunlight-food
-Light energy-chemical energy

Animals use food-muscle movement
-Chemical energy-physical energy

Metabolism-set of chemical reactions
-Creation or breakdown of molecules
-Energy transforms into another form
-Breaking food molecules into nutrient molecules->eventually leads to muscle movement and energy

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4
Q

What are organic molecules? Give examples and why do we need them?

A

Organic Molecules
molecules containing carbon produced by living organisms

Carbs-sugar, starch
Lipids-fat
Protein-muscles, hair, enzymes, nails
Nucleic Acids-DNA

We need O.M to maintain body function

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5
Q

what do all organisms originate from?

A

4 billion ago all species were unicellular in the water

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6
Q

Definition of Biology

A

Biology-The scientific study of living organisms

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7
Q

what is an atom?

A

Atoms-smallest unit of matter

Unit that cannot be broken down by chemical methods

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8
Q

What is a Chemical Element and name some important ones?

A

Different types of atoms
Different atomic numbers and chemical properties
C.E most important elements for living organism:

H-Hydrogen-1
C-Carbon-6
N-Nitrogen-7
O- Oxygen-8

***Remember the letters
Na-sodium
K-potassium
P-phosphorus
Cl-chloride

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9
Q

Explain Protons,Neutron, Electrons, Atomic Number and Atomic Mass. And how to calculate them

A

Atomic Number-# of protons
-Protons-positive charged (+)
-Electrons- negatively charged (-)
-Normally- # of protons= # of electrons
-Atomic mass= # of prot and neut

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10
Q

What is an Isotope and give examples

A

Same element and atomic number
Diff mass cuz they have have diff # of neutrons

Most (99%) of carbon found in nature=Carbon 12-6 neutrons
(1%) Carbon 13 –7 neutrons
(very rare) Carbon 14-radio isotope (when broken down->radioactive)-8 neutrons

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11
Q

Explain how electron shells work

A

Passage of electrons around nucleus
Atoms can have many electron shells

Inner shell can only handle 2 electrons
Outer shells can have 8 electrons

The outermost shell determines if chemical bonds are formed
Full-> no chemical bonds
Not Full-> can form chemical bonds

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12
Q

What are molecules

A

combinations of atoms joined together by chemical bonds

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13
Q

What are inert gasses and give examples

A

atoms that do not form chemical bonds

ex:Helium, neon, argon

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14
Q

Purpose/Function of covalent bond-POLAR and NON-POLAR

A

Its strong cuz atoms are sharing electrons

C.B are indicted with line like H-H: two atoms are sharing one electron
O=O: two atoms share two electrons

Non polar covalent bond
Ex hydrogen and oxygen gas

Non Polar covalent bond-unequal pull of electrons-creates small charge
electrons spend more time in some atoms more than other-making one side positive and one neg

Ex:Water molecule is made of PCB

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15
Q

Purpose/Function of Ionic Bonds (how Na bonds w/ Cl)

A

Na-Outer shell is unstable-1 extra
Cl-outer shell isnt full-it has 7

Na donates its one electron to Cl
Na->Na+=Sodium ion
Cl->-> Cl-=Chloride ion

Now they are attracted to eachother-ionic bond-

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16
Q

Purpose/Function of Hydrogen Bonds

A

Slightly positive hydrogen of polar molecule is attracted to slightly negative atom

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17
Q

What are the properties of Water

A

1.Cohesion
-Hydrogen bonds make water molecules stick together
-Since water is cohesive-in sequoia trees-hole at the top of tree creates a pole where water transports up and evaporates

2.High Surface Tension
-The strong cohesive hydrogen bonds
-Some animals utilizes the high surface tension of water and walk

3.Large Heat Capacity
-Heat from sun->rearranges hydrogen bonds in water rather than increasing its temp
-Makes water relatively constant->perfect environment for other organisms

4.Low Density as a solid
-Ice floats over water-Cuz its less dense
-Animals can walk on it
-Ice insulates water under- Constant temp for fish

5.Good Solvent
-Solvent-a liquid that dissolves other substances
-Solute-substance that dissolves in solvent
-Solution-mixture of solute and solvent

-Water dissolve molecules with charges (like glucose)
-Water also dissolves ions (sodium chloride-table salt)

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18
Q

Difference between hydrophobic and hydrophilic

A

Hydrophilic-dissolves in water
Ions
Polar Molecules

Hydrophobic-doesn’t dissolve in water
Non-polar molecules-Oil

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19
Q

Explain the Ionization of Water and distribution of Ions in Pure Water

A

Small portion of waters molecules dissociate an ionize

Hydrogen ion-
Hyrdroxide ion-

Pure water has equal amount of OH- and H+ ions
# of H+ ions changes depending on the materials dissolved in water

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20
Q

Explain diff forms of hydrogen

A

Hydrogen atom-doesn’t exist by itself bc theres only one electron on the shell

If you add another H atom-> Hydrogen Gas
If you lose the one electron-> Hydrogen Ion-> just a proton

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21
Q

What is Ph? (the 3 classes w/ examples)

A

pH is an indicator of H+ ion

Acidic- more Hydrogen Ions
Soft drinks, Juice, coffee

Basic- more Hydroxide Ions
Soap, Baking soda

Neutral-Pure water
Tap/bottle can vary from slightly basic to slightly acidic
Blood- 7.4

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22
Q

Can carbon and oxygen atoms make connections with other atoms

A

A carbon atom can bond with four other atoms
Thus-carbon has infinite possibilities for new molecules-can connect w/ anything
Second electron shell has 4 electrons-leaves 4 vacancies

oxygen atom, which can bond only to two

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23
Q

explain monomers, polymerization, and polymers/macromolecules

A

Macromolecules (Polymer)
Organic molecules combine to make macromolecules

Monomer-building blocks of macromolecules

Polymerization- Creates macromolecules by combining monomers

look at pic in notes

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24
Q

how are organic molecules used as fuel

A

Many Chemical bonds=fuel

Breaking chemical bonds-> energy released

Why we use propane and methane

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25
Q

What are carbs made and what are they used for?

A

Made of –Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen

They have sugars (monomer) and starches (polymer of sugar)

Used for:
Fuel
Providing structure of the cell

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26
Q

What is a Monosaccharide, the different kinds and their properties

A

Monosaccharide-simple sugar-one sugar unit

Glucose-(hexagon-green)
-Most common
-The sugar that is distributed across your body-blood/sugar levels

Fructose-(pentagon-yellow)
-Its sweeter than sugar- that why its used for sodas

Galactose(blue hexagon) -

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27
Q

What is a Disaccharide, the diff kinds and what are they made from?

A

Disaccharide-Two sugar unit

Sucrose
-Glucose and Fructose joined together
-Table sugar
-Commonly found in plants

Lactose
-Glucose and Galactose joined together
-Sugar in milk

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28
Q

how to digest disaccharides into energy?

A

break into monosaccharides->energy

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29
Q

What is a polysaccharide and how to digest them into energy

also explain what starch is made from and its use

A

3+ sugar units
Organisms use them to store energy
To release energy they are broken into simple sugar

Starch-polysac. of glucose monomer units
Energy storage for plants
ex:Corn, rice, potatoes

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30
Q

What is glycogen made from and its use

A

Polysaccharide made in animal bodies
-Made with glucose monomer units
-Different branching pattern than starch
-Short-term energy storage
=important for endurance sports
-Inside muscles liver, other tissues

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31
Q

explain the difference of results in eating high and lower sugar cereal

A

High sugar goes to blood stream-short term energy
-Triggers insulin response (spike)-hormone maintains blood sugar->energy goes down quick

Complex carbs- long-lasting energy release
-Blood sugar isnt fluctuating-more stable path

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32
Q

what are the 3 fates of glucose

A

1.energy is needed
-molecular bonds are broken down->lower energy bonds are formed->fuel for cellular activity

2.energy not needed-short term
-turns into Glycogen
in liver/muscles

3.energy not needed-long term
-turns into Fat
High sugar food-obesity problem

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33
Q

Explain how polysaccharides can be used for structure in living organisms

A

Not all Polys are used for energy storage

Used for structural support doe living organisms
Are not digested by humans- Dietary Fibres

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34
Q

What is a digestable fibre and what are its uses?

A

Non digestible carbs

Feel full
Keep you regular??
Keep blood-cholesterol lower
Made of cellulose-structural carb for plants

Also contain many other non-digestible carbs

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35
Q

What is the structure of cellulose, its industrial applications and what is chitin

A

Structure of Cellulose
In plant cell wall
More rigid than animals bc of cellulose
Stay upright

Industrial Application
Pulp of wood-paper
Cotton-clothes

Chitin-
Cell wall of mushroom and lobster shell
Cant digest it

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36
Q

what atoms are typically connected to lipids and are lipids hydrophilic/phobic

A

Mainly made with carbon and hydrogen atom
Joined by non-polar covalent bonds-equal pull for electrons

Hydrophobic

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37
Q

3 types of lipids

A

Fats & Oils: long-term energy and insulation

Steroids: regulate growth and development

Phospholipids: form cellular membranes

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38
Q

difference between fat and oil

A

They are basically the same thing

Fats: solid at room temp

Oils: liquid at room temp

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39
Q

main function of fat

A

long-term energy and insulation

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40
Q

what is the structure of fat

A

Head-glycerol
Constant bettween diff molecules

Tails-3 fatty acid chains
Molecular properties of fat-depends on type of fatty acid chain

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41
Q

Explain difference between saturated, unsaturated, and trans fats

A

Saturated Fats

-No doubles bonds-straight and compact
-Solid at room temp
-Most animal fat-beef, pork, chicken
-Some plant fats-palm oil, coconut oil
-Saturated fat In diet->increase LDL cholesterol (bad)

Unsaturated Fat

-One or more double bonds
-Makes it bent-more room in between fatty acids
-One double bond-Monounsaturated
-Two or more double bonds- Polyunsaturated
-Liquid at room temp-
-oil is usually unsaturated
-Increase in HDL cholesterol (good)
-Reduce risk of heart disease

Trans Fat

-Raise LDL, while lowering HDL
-In hydrogenated vegetable oil
-Hydrogen is added to vegetable oil=saturated fat

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42
Q

What is an Omega 3 fat

A

Type of unsaturated

-Human body cant make them
-Must take part of diet
-Found in-Oily fish and plant seeds
-Majority of N.A cant utilize plant-derived Omega-3 fat effectively

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43
Q

what is a steroid

A

lipid with 4 carbon rings

Ex-cholesterol, steroid hormone (made from cholesterol

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44
Q

what is cholestorol

A

Part of animal plasma membrane->Helps maintain membrane structure

Raw material of
Steroid hormone
ex:Estrogen and testosterone

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45
Q

What is a Lippoprotein and what the controversy between HDL and LDL

A

Lipoprotein- cholesterol packed in a sphere of phospholipid

Low density lipoprotein
-Less protein
-More fats and cholesterol
-LDL sticks to wall of blood vessels ->Increases plaque buildup in BV->Cuts off oxygen to heart-heart muscles die-> Increases risk of cardiovascular disease

High density lipoprotein
-More protein
-Less fats
-Associated w/ lower risk of cardiovascular disease
-Brings excess cholesterol to liver- removes it from body

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46
Q

explain factors that effect blood/cholestorol level
Where is majority of cholesterol made?

A

90% of cholesterol in human body is made in liver

cholesterol in diet shouldn’t affect the # of cholesterol that circulates in body

Factors that-fat intake, genetic risks,

Shrimp is high in cholesterol but low in fat-good

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47
Q

how are steroid HORMONES made and what are its functions

A

Made from cholesterol
Regulate sexual development
Important for normal development

Estrogen
-Fem dev
-Cognitive function

Test
-Male dev
-Muscle growth

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48
Q

what are synthetic steroids

A

Used to promote muscle growth/sports performance
Serious health hazard-banned from sports:

Kidney/liver/heart issues
Shrunken testicles-low sperm count
Stunted growth in teens

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49
Q

Functions of Protein

A

-Structure-nails or hair
-Movement-muscle
-Nutrient storage-egg white
-Defense-antibodies
-Transport
-Signaling-hormones
-Enzyme-facilitate chemical reaction

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50
Q

what are enzymes

A

Mediate all chemical reactions in living organism
Ex-digestion:breakdown of starch into glucose

Further breaks down into glucose
Synthesis of glucose

51
Q

what is an amino acid

A

-monomer unit protein

52
Q

What is a peptide, polypeptide, and protein

A

Peptide-two amino acids joined together

Polypeptide-many amino acids
Just a string of amino acids

Protein-polypeptide folded into a function structure

53
Q

why does the shape of a protein matter

A

Each protein forms a specific shape suited for its function

W/out shape proteins cant perform its function

54
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein

A

Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

Sequence of amino acids changes its function

Changes of sequence also effect secondart, tertiary,etc..

55
Q

What is the secondary structure of a protein

A

Hydrogen bonds create folds in polypeptide chains

Alpha-helix-coil shape

Beta-sheet-zig-zag

56
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein

A

Folding and bending of secondary structure to create 3-D structure

Made by

Hydrogen bonds
Covalent bonds

Angle of folding determines its function

57
Q

What is the quartiary structure of a protein

A

Protein formed by 2+ polypeptide

Each polypeptide is subunit

Protein only function when they have al subunits together

58
Q

How does denaturation of protein happen

A

Hydrogen bond are weak-extreme environment alter shape and function

Like egg-after heating egg white proteinit becomes insoluble to water

59
Q

What are enzymes and substrates and products

A

-EnzymesClass of proteins that speed up chemical reactions
Lactase breaks down lactose into 2 simple sugars
Glucose and galactose (which can be broken down in ur body)

Substrate-the reactant that enzymes work on
Lactose is the substrate of lactase

Products-material after chemical reaction
Glucose and galactose are products of lactose breakdown

60
Q

how does someone become lactose intolerant

A

Lactase is needed when babies digest mother’s milk
Babies produce a lot of lactase

Some ppl stop producing lactase after weaning and become intolerant
Body cant produce enough enzymes

61
Q

2 types of nucleic acids

A

DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid
Deoxy-lack of oxygen

RNA-ribonucleic acid

62
Q

different bases for nucleic acid

A

DNA-CGAT

RNA-CGAU

63
Q

what is the structure of a nucleotides

A

Phosphate

Sugar-pentagon
Ribose or deoxyribose

Nitrogen containing base (diff types

64
Q

Name key differences between DNA and RNA

A

RNA-sugar is made of ribose
DNA-sugar is made deoxyribose->ribose w/lack of oxygen

RNA-> one strand
DNA-two strands->double helix

RNA-thousand times smaller than DNA
Only codes infor for one gene

DNA
Codes for thousands of genes

RNA-middle man of gene expression
Transcribed from DNA to RNA to create a copy of the gen
RNA is then destroyed

DNA-stores genetic info and function as an archive
Its protected and cant be destroyed easily in the cell

65
Q

Why does pseudoscience exist

A

Government cant regulate every product

66
Q
A

Distinguish myth from facts
Make right choice

Pseudoscience can cause-health problems or economic loss

67
Q

Explain the importance of null and alt hypotheses

A

Easier to disprove a negative statement than prove a positive one

Rejection of the null hypothesis will support alt (positive statement)

68
Q

what is a testable prediction

A

Propose a situation that will give a particular outcome if your hypothesis is true

69
Q

Difference between Fact vs Hypotheses vs theory vs law

A

Facts-observations abt the world around us

Hypo-explanation for observations

Theory-collection of tested hypotheses
Theories lead to predictions
Theory is well supported hypothesis

Law-detailed description of how smt works (usually w/ math) w/out saying how it works

70
Q

How do hypotheses become theories

A

by being revised or supported by tests

71
Q

what is cell theory

A

All organisms are composed of cells

All cell come from preexisting cells

72
Q

what is the theory of evolution

A

Species change over time and are related to eachother thru ancestry

73
Q

limits of the scientific method

A

Cant work w/ subjective process
Artistic and creative processes -This is pretty

Religions and faith

Moral judgements

Science can describe the process of embryo development but cant say when it will become a person

Social or ethical issues

74
Q

what should consumers do abt interpreting potential pseudoscience

A

No conclusion from anecdotes

If its too good to be true-like a MIRACLE DRUG

Demand scientific data

Read the source material instead of news media
News media reports that emphasize sensationalism
Press relsease by companies and schools are motivated by money

Look at academic articles abt the topic
Use google scholar

75
Q

Explain the pre-clinical trials for drugs

A

Purpose-establish scientific base

Study subject-human cells, animals, other model organism

76
Q

Explain phase 1 for clinical drug testing

A

Purpose-safety and determination of dosage+ administration

Format-open label

Sample-less than 30

Short term

77
Q

Explain phase 2 for clinical drug testing

A

Purpose- suggest efficacy , determination of side effects

Format-randomized double blind

Sample-30-100

Long term

Long enough to suggest efficacy but not determine it

78
Q

Explain phase 3 for clinical drug testing

A

Purpose: establish efficacy determine side effects

Randomized doubler blinds

Sample 300+

Long term

79
Q

What are the two types of cells and give their characteristics

A

Prokaryotic-bacteria-has DNA/no nucleus
Smaller
No membrane-bound organelles
e.coli

Eukaryotic cells-has dna/nucleus
Bigger
Membrane bound organelle
Amoeba
Human gall bladder
Plant embryo

80
Q

what are structures specific to prok cell

A

Cell wall- rigid protective layer are plasma membrane
Capsule-gelatinous layer outside of cell wall
Pili-hair like structures-Important for attaching to other cells
Flagellum-whip like projection that propels the cell

80
Q

what are the similarities between the two PROK AND EUK of cells

A

Both cells have plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, Ribosomes
Plasma membrane
Separate cell content from the environment
Made of phospholipid bilayer

Cytoplasm
Thick jelly like fluid

DNA
Molecule that stores genetic info
Prok store DNA in cytoplasm
Euk stores DNA in nucleus

Ribosomes
Granular structure in cytoplasm and membrane structures
synthesize proteins

80
Q

what are structures specific to euk cell

A

Two types of membrane bound orgenelles-origated from

Membrane-invagination
Evolved from big prok and had DNA in cytoplasm surrounded by plasma membrane
V
Part of plasma membrane caves in
V
Inner compartments (organelles) are formed

Endosymbiosis
Symbiosis-2 organisms co-exist and benefit from eachother
Cow
Endosymbiotic theory-explains origin of bacteria-like oranelles (mitochondria and chloroplast)
Mitochondria are derived from bacteria-like organelles

81
Q

what is the structure of a plasma membrane and whats it made out of

A

phospholipid bilayer

Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail-seperates outside world from inside

82
Q

What the name for carbs in the plasma membrane and its purpose

A

Hydrophilic Sugar chains-tags on cell surfaces provide molecular fingerprints for diff cells

Blood types

Cancer v non-cancer cells

83
Q

Whats the role of Cholesterol in plasma membranes

A

Stablizes PM

Absent in bacteria, plant or fungi

84
Q

whats the role of Receptor Proteins in PM and explain the process of adrenaline rushes

A

Detects signal in env

Flavor
Hormones
Light

Adreneline is produced by adrenal gland (ABOVE KIDNEY)
Acts on targets cells’ adrenaline receptors
When adrenaline fits in the receptor-> stress response

85
Q

what the role of recognition protein in the plasma membrane

A

Some protein serve as fingerprints

Distinguishes self vs non-self cells

86
Q

role of transport proteins in the plasma membrane (hint:endocytosis)

A

Passage for molecules to enter cell

87
Q

what is concentration gradient

A

Different area of a solution have diff concentration of the solute

The big the concentration diff->larger concentration gradient

88
Q

what is diffusion

A

-High concentration of solutes move to low concentration until all gradient is gone

In doing so-molecules move down the concentration gradient

Oxygen in red blood cell-more oxygen outside goes inside the cell

89
Q

whats the difference between simple and facilitated diffusion

A

Simple diffusion-small molecules move across the plasma membrane
Ex:oxygen. CO2, water (cuz its small)

PM repels hydrophilic molecules->cuz of hydrophobic layer
Glucose and ions , polymolecules

Facilitated diffusion:Cell have transport protein for glucose to enter
Moves molecules that cant pass thru PM

90
Q

explain the process of osmosis

A

Also passive transport

Cell cant pass thru
V
The water in the cell can so
V
Water moves to reduce concentration gradient
V
Cell shrinks or expands

91
Q

whats the diff of osmosis in hyper,iso, hypo tonic solutions

A

Hypertonic Solution: more outside solute
Water moves out of cell->shrinks->less concentration gradient

Isotonic solution: equal in and out
Water movement is balanced
Cell stay same size

Hypotonic Solution: less outside solute
V
To equalize concentration->water molecules move into the cell
V
Cells expand due to influx of water

92
Q

what is cell death/lysing and why/how does it happen

A

Hypotonic solutions

cell bursts open after reaching maximum size

93
Q

why do Plants turn turgid in hypotonic env

A

Water goes in the cell and feeds it

Turgidity necessary for growth and support

When plants are dehydrated (hypertonic) they lose rigidity

94
Q

T/F drinking too much or too little water can kill you

A

true

95
Q

Explain the process of Stomach maintaining acidity thru active transport

A

Gastric juice helps digestion
V
Acidity is maintained by proton pump/Proton pump- against concentration gradient
V
ATP is used as an energy source for proton pump
V
ATP is used as potable chemical energy in living organisms

**Active transport moves it against

96
Q

How are vesicles made

A

Made by pinching off other membranes

97
Q

What are the two main types of Vesicle-Mediated transport

A

Endocytosis-vesicles used to importing molecules into cell

Exocytosis-vesicles exporting molecules
V
Secretion-vesicles fuse with PM
V
discharges material into surrounding

98
Q

What are the diff types of endocytosis

A

Phagocytosis
Cell eating/engulfing other organisms
White blood cell eats yeast cell

Pinocytosis
Cell drinking/intake of particles and liquid

Receptor mediated cytosis
Incorporate specific types of particles
Cell surface binds to signature molecules on the particle

Ex:LDL cleared by liver cells
Liver cells carry LDL receptors->LDL binds to the receptors->Plasma membrane for vesicles and eats LDL

99
Q

5 major components of Transport vesicles

A

Nucleus, Lysosome, Rough/Smooth ER, Gogli Apparatus, Mitochondrion, Cytoskeleton

100
Q

role of nucleus in relation to transport vesicles

A

Genetic control center

Nuclear membrane controls entry of molecules

101
Q

role of lysosome in relation to transport vesicles

A

Garbage disposal and recycles

Has digestive enzymes

102
Q

Diff between smooth and rough ER

A

Rough-has granular ribosomes dots
Synthesizes and modifies proteins
Produces proteins that are secreted
Cell produces antibodies

Smooth-looks like coral-doesn’t have ribosomes
Synthesizes and modifies lipids
Detoxifyies chemical-needs a lot of energy->mitochondria is right next to it

103
Q

role of Gogli Apparatus in relation to transport vesicles

A

Packages for proteins, lipids and other molecules->shipped out of cell

Up view-looks like a bag
Side view-bunch of lines

Bubbles(transport vesicles) Molecule modified in GA move towards plasma membrane->creates vesicles (pinched off golgi apparatus membranes->move to PM-> goes thru exocytosis

104
Q

explain the process of exocytosis

A

first molecules are synthesized inside of the ER
V
then the part of the membrane pinched off as a transport vesicle
V
Vesicles move from the ER to golgi apparatus
V
then inside of the golgi apparatus the molecules are modified and the other side of the golgi apparatus
V
again making transport vesicles and it eventually fuse with the plasma membrane
V
have the process of exocytosis

105
Q

role of Mitochondrion in relation to transport vesicles

A

Bacteria-like organelle derived from endosymbiosis

Harvests energy from food->generate ATP

Has double membrane structure

106
Q

role of Cytoskeleton in relation to transport vesicles

A

Mesh-like structure

Provide structural support and scaffold for cell shape

Controls movement for transport vesicles

Whiping sperm movement is generated by cytoskeleton

106
Q

role of cell wall in relation to transport vesicles

A

Rigid supports plasma membrane

Support and resistance to water stress

107
Q

role of Vacuoles in relation to transport vesicles

A

Vacuile hold water, food, waste, pigments, defense against animals

Created by invagation

108
Q

role of Chorloplast in relation to transport vesicles

A

Created from endosymbiosis

Photosynthesis

Double membranes

109
Q

difference between facilitated diffusion and active transport

A

facilitated diffusion is a passive process that relies on the movement of molecules along their concentration gradient with the help of transport proteins,

active transport is an energy-dependent process that moves molecules against their concentration gradient using energy from ATP.

110
Q

Water molecules form which type of bond with other water molecules?

A

hydrogen bonds

111
Q

In the formation of salt, the sodium atom

A

loses an electron to chlorine

112
Q

An atom of iron has the atomic number 26. This means that:

A

it has 26 protons.

113
Q

An atom can be changed into an ion by adding or removing:

A

an electron

114
Q

The column of water extending in tubes from plant roots to leaves is due mostly to

A

cohesion.

115
Q

Carbon usually forms how many bonds with other atoms?

A

4

116
Q

Saturated fatty acids have _________________ than unsaturated fatty acids, which is why they exist as a ____________ at room temperature.

A

fewer double bonds; solid

117
Q

Heating inactivates enzymes by ________.

A

changing the enzyme’s three-dimensional shape.

118
Q

The secondary structure of proteins can be

A

both helical and sheetlike.

119
Q

Scientific study always begins with:

A

observations.

120
Q

The mitochondrion is found in

A

plants and animals

Semester 1 (5 decks)

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