Bio Metabolism Flashcards
What is the first law of thermodynamics
Energy is constant
Second law of thermodynamics
Gives off heat which increases entropy
What factors influence photosynthesis
Diversity
Trophic interactions
Sun light
Explain exergonic vs endergonic
Exergonic: (-) energy release, spontaneous, reactants higher then products
Endergonic: (+) energy required, not spontaneous, reactants lower than products
Describe Energy Coupling and give an example
Exergonic process driving an endergonic process
ATP>ADP (lose phosphate)
ADP>ATP (add water)
ATP and parts
Nucleic acid (3 phosphates)
Adenine- nitrogen base
Ribose
Endothermic vs Exothermic
Endo: energy absorbed, reactions higher then products
Exo: energy release, reactions lower than products
What is the difference between exergonic and exothermic?
Exergonic refers to reactions that release free energy
Exothermic is a reaction that releases heat
How to make a reaction faster
Increase temp
Enzyme
Describe an enzyme
Catalyst that speeds up reaction (motor)
Protein
Like a Lego (site where substrate goes in)
Products end the same
Takes less energy
How do chloroplasts and mitochondria relate?
Chloroplasts take solar energy to generate ATP and glucose(high energy)
Mitochondria takes the glucose to generate ATP (CO2 H2O)(low energy)
Do organic molecules have potential or kinetic energy? Describe
Potential:
Arrangement of e- in bonds between atoms
Exergonic reactions (fuel)
How can enzymes help organic molecules?
Making simpler waste which had less potential energy
Catabolic pathways
Fermentation: substrate-level phosphorylation( no e- transport)
Cellular Respiration: break down molecules with e-transport to produce ATP
Why is energy not released all at once? How is it released? Give an example
It would be too exergonic (lots of heat, light, and explosions)
E- travels with proton (H) but not directly to O2
Uses electron transport
Example: NAD > NADH
C6H12O6 to 6 CO2
Oxidized
6 O2 to 6H2O
Reduced
Parts of Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis (in cytosol)
Pyruvate
Citric Acid Cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation (all in mitochondria)
How many sugars in glycolysis and the 2 phases
3 sugars
Energy investment: cell spends ATP
Energy Payoff: ATP and NADH produced by substrate phosphorylation (net payoff is 2 of each)
Glycolysis
Spends 2 ATP through 2 additional phosphates
NAD reduced to NADH
2 ATP 2 NADH
Pyruvate Oxidation
Pyruvate ends mitochondria through active transport
Oxidized
Produces CO2, NADH and AcetylCoA
Citric Acid Cycle
AcetylCoA enters
Glucose oxidized
Produces NADH, FADH, CO2 and ATP
Oxidative Phosphorylation
E- from carriers enter e- transport chain
Go through proteins embedded in membrane
Each handoff drops energy
Electronegativity increases (takes energy)
NADH back to NAD
Produces ATP let out of mitochondria
Oxidative Phosphorylation
E- from carriers enter e- transport chain
Go through proteins embedded in membrane
Each handoff drops energy
Electronegativity increases (takes energy)
NADH back to NAD
Produces ATP let out of mitochondria
