bio lab final Flashcards
10 meters = _____ millimeters = ____ micrometers
10,000 ; 10,000,000
50 kilograms = ____ grams = ____ micrograms
50,000 ; 50,000,000
when measuring the volume of liquid in a beaker, measure at the bottom of the ___
meniscus
the ____ is how close all of your measurements are
precision
the ____ is the middle value of a group of measurements
median
the ___ is the arithmetic average
mean
the ___ is the difference between the smallest and largest value
range
the ___ is how closely your measurements agree with the true measurement
accuracy
select the basic metric unit for volume
A) liter
B) gallon
C) meter
D) kilogram
a) liter
what is the prefix for 10^-6?
A) deci
B) micro
C) nano
D) centi
b) micro
convert 8.4 grams to milligrams
8400 milligrams
which is a metric unit for length?
A)nanogram
B)kilometer
C)deciliter
D)inch
b) kilometer
what is the mean of ( 3, 4, 5, 6, 5, 7)?
5
what is the median of ( 3, 4, 5, 6, 5, 7)?
5
what is the range of ( 3, 4, 5, 6, 5, 7)?
4
the size of FOV is ____ related to magnification of the microscope, as the magnification increases the FOV ___
inversely ; decreases
_____ refers to the enlargement of size
magnification
______ is the ability to see details
resolution
___ holds the different objective lenses in place
nosepiece
total magnification of a microscope with a 4x objective lense and 10x ocular lense is ___
40x
which magnification gives greatest working distance?
a) 4x
b)10x
C) 40x
d)100x
a) 4x
distance between the specimen and the objective lense is the _____
working distance
_____ helps focus light onto the specimen
a) condenser
b)light switch
c)objective lens
d) fine focus knob
a) condenser
the function of the diaphragm on the microscope is to ____
a)hold objective lens
b)focus the image
c)adjust amount of light
d)adjust wavelength of light
c)adjust amount of light
an organism exhibits positive ____ when it moves towards light
phototaxis
amoeba move via foot-like projections called ____
pseudopods
the pigment ____ gives red algae their red color
phycoerythrin
_____ are a diverse group of single celled eukaryotic organisms
protists
_____ is an autotrophic colonial protist
volvox
chlamydomonas use ____ for locomotion
flagella
Paramecium have two types of nuclei called ____ and ____
micronucleus and macronucleus
what structures are essential for phototaxis in euglena?
flagella and stigma
conjugation in paramecia involves
meiosis and mitosis
what is a green multicellular algae?
spirogyra
what is a holdfast in algae?
root-like structure
carrageenan may be found in ____
red algae
scientific investigation begins with_____
observation
the outcome being measured in an experiment is the ____
dependent variable
amoeba reproduce by
binary fission
in scientific investigations the factor you manipulate is the____
independent variable
moss gametophytes have multicellular sex organs that produce _____ via mitosis. ____ are the male sex organs, while ___ are female sex organs
gametes ; antheridia ; archegonia
what are the two main generations in alterations of generations?
gametophyte ; sporophytes
moss requires ___ for pollination, while pine trees needs ____
water ; pollen
ferns are ____ in that one type of spores are produced
homosporous
what is the dominant stage in the fern life cycle?
sporophyte
what produces eggs in ferns?
archegonia
what plant bears sori?
fern
lands alternate between _____ stage and ___ stage
diploid sporophyte ; haploid gametophytes
what is a homosporous plant?
a)moss
b)maple
c)pine
d)strawberry
a)
spores are ____
haploid
antheridia are ____
male gametangia
name two things that apply to moss life cycle….
homospory ; oogamy
the dominant stage in moss is _____ while the dominant stage in ferns is ____
1n ; 2n
in ferns spores are produced in ___
sori
the gametophyte in ferns are ____ and ___
independent ; heart-shaped
fronds refer to ____ and rhizomes refer to ___ in ferns
leaves ; stems
a diploid cell may undergo mitosis and cytokinesis to form ____
two diploid cells
in land plants spores are produced by ___
meiosis
in land plants gametes are produced by ___
mitosis
what are the three layers in the pericarp?
exocarp ; endocarp; and mesocarp
____ was used to stain ___ in corn grains
iodine ; starch
gymnosperms bear naked seeds on ____
cones
monocots usually have flowers in multiples of ___, while dicots have flower multiples of ___
3 ; 4/5
an embryo develops from ___
fertilized egg
peach is a ___ fruit
simple
the dominant generation for a maple tree is the ____
sporophyte
an ovule can be found in ____ or a ____
mega strobilus ; carpel
which process is unique to angiosperms?
double fertilization
strawberries are an ____ fruit
accessory
the ploidies of mega/micro spores are ___
1n/1n
pollination in gymnosperms is mainly ____
wind
____ is an aggregate fruit
raspberry
pineapple is an example of _____ fruit
multiple
the leaf veins of tulips are ____
parallel
cnidaria generally have a sexually reproducing _____, or an asexually reproducing ____
medusa ; polyp
cnidaria have two germ layers and are ____
diploblastic
cnidarians have specialized feeding cells called ___
cnidocytes
obelia is a ___ hydrozoan with multiple polyps
colonial
the large opening where water exits the sponge is the ____
osculum
cnidarians are ____
radially symmetrical
what is the typical life cycle of Obelia?
alternating between polyp and medusa, with a dominant polyp
scyphozoans with tentacles hanging down are in the ____ form
medusa
the Portuguese man of war is a ____
hydrozoan
Earthworms have two types of muscles called _____ muscles and _____ muscles
circular ; longitudinal
earthworms intestine has an in-fold called ____
typhlosole
_____ studied in this lab are acoelomates
planaria
squids and octopuses have _______ to change color
chromatophores
the molluscan shell is secreted by the ____
mantle
all arthropods share an outer covering, _____ that supports _____ appendages, and segmented bodies
exoskeleton ; jointed
a hexapod has 3 body regions, ____, ____, and ____
head ; thorax; abdomen
planaria are ____
triploblastic
Planaria’s auricles are loaded with ____
chemoreceptors
planaria exhibits ____
bilateral symmetry
Planaria uses tubular structure called ____ to suck in food
pharynx
name three specialized segments in the earthworm…
prostomium ; clitellum ; pygidium
are flatworms and flukes acoelomates?
yup
what feature of the squid is not important for its predatory lifestyle?
external shell
chitons use ____ to scrape algae from rocks to feed themselves
radula
what body feature is directly involved in reproduction?
swimmerets
carapace in crustaceans covers the ____ and ___
head ; thorax
spiders are ____
chelicerates
_____, _____, _____ are examples of acoelomates studied in this lab
planaria ; fluke ; tapeworm
a bony fish has _____ that detect vibrations
lateral lines
a shark has _____ vertebrae
cartilaginous
a perch has ____ that helps regulate buoyancy
swim bladder
a lamprey uses ___ for support
notochord
bony fish have ____ to cover their gills
operculum
what organism was the first to become fully terrestrial?
reptiles
conditioned reflex is a type of ____ learning
associative
habituation is a type of _____ learning
non-associative
taxis is a _____ response to a stimulus
directional
kenesis is a ____ response to a stimulus
non-directional
the increase in the turns of pillbugs in the dry environment is an example of:
kinesis
what does not require learning?
taxis
the decreased response to a stimulus is….
habituation
animal’s movement towards light is ……
positive phototaxis
which of the following is an example of associative learning?
conditioned reflex
spider web spinning is an ____ behaivor
innate
the most common kind of color blindness is _____
red-green
the fluid in the small cavity in the anterior of the eyes is the ______
aqueous humor
an oval-shaped pigmented area near the retina is called ______
macula
which area of the retina has the most highly concentrated cones?
fovea
the outermost layer of the eyeball is called the….
sclera
What is the sensory relay center of the brain?
thalamus
______ are responsible for our vision at night
rods
_____ are responsible for our color vision
cones
the posterior cavity of eyeballs has _____ humor
vitreous
the blind spot has _____
blood vessels
this structure connects the left+right hemispheres of the brain
corpus callosum
____ carries blood away from the heart
arteries
arteries are generally ____ muscular and ___ elastic than veins of equivalent sizes
more ; more
three layers of tissue in the heart:
epicardium ; myocardium ; endocardium
cardiovascular system in sharks has __ circuit(s)
one
what is the most muscular chamber of the heart?
left ventricle
gas exchange happens in the ____
capillaries
cardiac muscles receive nutrients from the ____
coronary arteries
resting heart ratees of humans is generally in the range of ____
60-100 bpm
in sharks, oxygen poor blood is carried by veins back to the atrium via a thin-walled sac called____
sinus venosus
animals are ______
heterotrophic
chemical digestion relies on ____ enzymes
hydrolytic
food is moved through the digestive system via ______
peristalsis
the wall of mammalian gastrointestinal tract consists of four layers, ____, _____, _____, ____
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, adventitia
the human stomach has many folds called ____
rugae
bile is produced in the _____
liver
in humans most of the digestion takes place in the ____
duodnem
the submucosa is enriched with _____
blood vessels, and lymph vessels
the mammalian small intestine has the following sections….
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Which of the following is the correct metric unit to measure the volume of a liquid in biological experiments?
A) Kilogram (kg)
B) Liter
C) Meter
D) Celsius (°C)
B) Liter
How many milliliters (mL) are in 2.5 liters (L)?
A) 250 mL
B) 25 mL
C) 2500 mL
D) 0.25 mL
C) 2500 mL
Given the dataset: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10. What is the median of this dataset?
A) 4
B) 5
C) 6
D) 7
C) 6
If a dataset has values of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10, what is the range of the data?
A) 2
B) 4
C) 8
D) 10
C) 8
What is the difference between precision and accuracy in biological measurements?
A) Precision refers to how close measurements are to the true value, while accuracy refers to how consistent repeated measurements are.
B) Precision refers to how consistent repeated measurements are, while accuracy refers to how close measurements are to the true value.
C) Precision and accuracy mean the same thing.
D) Precision refers to the number of decimal places in a measurement, while accuracy refers to how close measurements are to the true value.
B) Precision refers to how consistent repeated measurements are, while accuracy refers to how close measurements are to the true value.
Which of the following microscope components is responsible for adjusting the light intensity on a compound microscope?
A) Ocular lens
B) Iris diaphragm
C) Coarse focus adjustment
D) Condenser
B) Iris diaphragm
What is the primary function of the condenser in a compound microscope?
A) To adjust the brightness of the image
B) To concentrate light onto the specimen
C) To change the magnification of the specimen
D) To focus the image on the ocular lens
B) To concentrate light onto the specimen
If the specimen is moved to the right or left under a compound microscope, how does the image appear to move?
A) The image moves up
B) The image moves down
C) The image moves right
D) The image moves in the opposite direction (left or right) of the specimen’s movement
D) The image moves in the opposite direction (left or right) of the specimen’s movement
What happens to the brightness of the image when switching from a lower-power objective to a higher-power objective on a compound microscope?
A) The brightness increases
B) The brightness decreases
C) The brightness stays the same
D) The brightness fluctuates randomly
B) The brightness decreases
Which of the following provides a larger field of view under a compound microscope?
A) 4X objective
B) 40X objective
C) Both provide the same field of view
D) Neither provides a field of view
A) 4X objective
What role do protists play in the environment?
A) They are important decomposers in ecosystems.
B) They are a major source of oxygen production in oceans.
C) They can cause diseases in humans, such as malaria.
D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Which of the following protists have a stigma, and what is its function?
A) Amoeba; helps in capturing food
B) Paramecium; aids in movement
C) Euglena; helps in detecting light for phototaxis
D) Spirogyra; assists in conjugation
C) Euglena; helps in detecting light for phototaxis
What occurs during conjugation in Spirogyra?
A) Two cells divide to form new cells.
B) Two cells exchange genetic material to increase genetic diversity.
C) One cell splits into multiple smaller cells.
D) One cell engulfs another to form a larger cell.
B) Two cells exchange genetic material to increase genetic diversity.
Why do protists like Amoeba and Paramecium accumulate excess water, and how do they remove it?
A) They absorb water for movement; they expel it through the contractile vacuole.
B) They store water for photosynthesis; they expel it through diffusion.
C) They accumulate water for reproduction; they expel it through osmosis.
D) They absorb water for energy; they expel it through the cell membrane.
A) They absorb water for movement; they expel it through the contractile vacuole.
How did Miracle-Gro affect the profile of protists in the lab?
A) It increased the number of protists by providing more nutrients.
B) It caused the protists to become larger in size.
C) It decreased the protist population due to toxicity.
D) It had no effect on the protists.
A) It increased the number of protists by providing more nutrients.
Which of the following correctly describes the life cycle of a moss and its adaptation to terrestrial life?
A) The moss life cycle involves the production of seeds, which help it adapt to dry environments.
B) The moss has a dominant gametophyte stage, which relies on water for fertilization, helping it adapt to moist environments.
C) The moss alternates between diploid and haploid sporophyte stages, reducing its dependence on water.
D) The moss life cycle involves a dominant sporophyte stage that can survive in dry conditions.
B) The moss has a dominant gametophyte stage, which relies on water for fertilization, helping it adapt to moist environments.
What is the primary difference between pollination and fertilization?
A) Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the male to female reproductive organs, while fertilization is the union of sperm and egg.
B) Pollination occurs inside the ovule, while fertilization occurs outside the ovule.
C) Pollination results in the formation of seeds, while fertilization results in the formation of pollen.
D) Fertilization is the first step in the process of seed formation, while pollination occurs after seed formation.
A) Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the male to female reproductive organs, while fertilization is the union of sperm and egg.
What is the primary difference between pollination and fertilization?
A) Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the male to female reproductive organs, while fertilization is the union of sperm and egg.
B) Pollination occurs inside the ovule, while fertilization occurs outside the ovule.
C) Pollination results in the formation of seeds, while fertilization results in the formation of pollen.
D) Fertilization is the first step in the process of seed formation, while pollination occurs after seed formation.
A) Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the male to female reproductive organs, while fertilization is the union of sperm and egg.
What is the evolutionary significance of pollen in gymnosperms and angiosperms?
A) Pollen allows for the fertilization of plants in water, supporting aquatic life cycles.
B) Pollen enables fertilization without the need for water, increasing the ability of plants to colonize terrestrial environments.
C) Pollen is responsible for the formation of seeds, allowing for faster reproduction in plants.
D) Pollen helps plants absorb nutrients from the soil, improving growth and reproduction.
B) Pollen enables fertilization without the need for water, increasing the ability of plants to colonize terrestrial environments.
Which of the following is an example of a dry fruit?
A) Pea pod (legume)
B) Apple (pome)
C) Orange (citrus)
D) Tomato (berry)
A) Pea pod (legume)
Which of the following parts of a flower is responsible for producing pollen?
A) Stigma
B) Ovary
C) Anther
D) Style
C) Anther
Which of the following statements correctly distinguishes the polyp form of a cnidarian from the medusa form?
A) The polyp is usually mobile, while the medusa is sessile.
B) The polyp has a cylindrical body and is usually attached to a surface, while the medusa is bell-shaped and free-swimming.
C) The medusa form is found in freshwater species, while the polyp form is found in marine species.
D) The medusa has a prominent gastrovascular cavity, while the polyp lacks this structure.
B) The polyp has a cylindrical body and is usually attached to a surface, while the medusa is bell-shaped and free-swimming.
What major evolutionary trend is associated with bilateral symmetry in animals, such as flatworms?
A) Increased mobility and the development of a head region
B) Decreased mobility and the ability to form colonies
C) Ability to capture and digest food externally
D) Formation of radial nerve systems and less directional movement
A) Increased mobility and the development of a head region
How do cnidocytes use their nematocysts in food capture and defense?
A) Nematocysts release toxins to paralyze prey and deter predators.
B) Nematocysts secrete digestive enzymes to break down food.
C) Nematocysts eject spines to capture prey, which is then digested externally.
D) Nematocysts create a mucus barrier that traps food particles in the water.
A) Nematocysts release toxins to paralyze prey and deter predators.
Which type of symmetry do cnidarians have, and what major evolutionary trend is associated with bilateral symmetry?
A) Cnidarians have radial symmetry, and bilateral symmetry is associated with increased mobility and directional movement.
B) Cnidarians have bilateral symmetry, and radial symmetry is associated with greater mobility.
C) Cnidarians have asymmetry, and bilateral symmetry is associated with radial nerve development.
D) Cnidarians have no symmetry, and bilateral symmetry is related to reproductive efficiency.
A) Cnidarians have radial symmetry, and bilateral symmetry is associated with increased mobility and directional movement.
How can you distinguish a feeding polyp from a reproductive polyp in the colonial organism Obelia?
A) Feeding polyps have larger, more muscular tentacles than reproductive polyps.
B) Reproductive polyps have specialized structures for food capture, while feeding polyps do not.
C) Feeding polyps have specialized tentacles for capturing prey, while reproductive polyps focus on producing medusa.
D) Both types of polyps look identical and cannot be distinguished.
C) Feeding polyps have specialized tentacles for capturing prey, while reproductive polyps focus on producing medusa.
How does the coelomic cavity of a Planaria compare to that of an earthworm?
A) Planaria have a true coelom, while earthworms have a pseudocoelom.
B) Both Planaria and earthworms have a true coelom.
C) Planaria lack a coelom, while earthworms have a true coelom.
D) Planaria and earthworms both lack a coelom.
C) Planaria lack a coelom, while earthworms have a true coelom.
How does the coelomic cavity of a Planaria compare to that of an earthworm?
A) Planaria have a true coelom, while earthworms have a pseudocoelom.
B) Both Planaria and earthworms have a true coelom.
C) Planaria lack a coelom, while earthworms have a true coelom.
D) Planaria and earthworms both lack a coelom.
C) Planaria lack a coelom, while earthworms have a true coelom.
Which of the following animals is a coelomate?
A) Tapeworm
B) Fluke
C) Roundworm
D) Earthworm
D) Earthworm
Which muscles in an earthworm are responsible for lengthening the segments during movement?
A) Circular muscles
B) Longitudinal muscles
C) Both circular and longitudinal muscles
D) None of the above
A) Circular muscles
What are the three main parts of a mollusk’s body plan?
A) Head-foot, mantle, and radula
B) Visceral mass, shell, and foot
C) Circulatory system, gills, and mantle
D) Tentacles, radula, and head
B) Visceral mass, shell, and foot
What are the primary functions of the exoskeleton in arthropods?
A) To provide buoyancy and aid in movement
B) To protect internal organs and prevent desiccation
C) To assist in food digestion
D) To serve as a sensory organ
B) To protect internal organs and prevent desiccation
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature shared by chordates?
A) Notochord
B) Dorsal hollow nerve cord
C) Pharyngeal slits
D) Lungs
D) Lungs
Which type of fish can move water over their gills without moving through the water, and what role does the operculum play?
A) Sharks, the operculum helps propel water over the gills.
B) Bony fish, the operculum acts as a cover to move water over the gills without swimming.
C) Rays, the operculum moves water from the mouth to the gills.
D) Cartilaginous fish, the operculum helps push water out of the gills.
B) Bony fish, the operculum acts as a cover to move water over the gills without swimming.
Which type of fish can move water over their gills without moving through the water, and what role does the operculum play?
A) Sharks, the operculum helps propel water over the gills.
B) Bony fish, the operculum acts as a cover to move water over the gills without swimming.
C) Rays, the operculum moves water from the mouth to the gills.
D) Cartilaginous fish, the operculum helps push water out of the gills.
B) Bony fish, the operculum acts as a cover to move water over the gills without swimming.
How does the buoyancy of an air bladder affect the movement of bony fish in contrast to sharks?
A) Bony fish use their air bladder to maintain buoyancy and swim horizontally, while sharks rely on their liver for buoyancy.
B) Sharks use an air bladder for buoyancy, while bony fish rely on their large fins.
C) Bony fish rely on their gills for buoyancy, while sharks do not need buoyancy control.
D) Sharks use the air bladder to help control vertical movement, while bony fish do not have such an adaptation.
A) Bony fish use their air bladder to maintain buoyancy and swim horizontally, while sharks rely on their liver for buoyancy.
Which of the following structures in a perch helps with buoyancy?
A) Lateral line
B) Swim bladder
C) Heart
D) Gills
B) Swim bladder
Which of the following is an advantage of being endothermic (having a constant internal body temperature)?
A) It allows animals to be more energy-efficient.
B) Endothermic animals can remain active in a wider range of temperatures.
C) Endothermic animals require less food to maintain body heat.
D) It reduces the need for insulation or protective layers.
B) Endothermic animals can remain active in a wider range of temperatures.
Which of the following is the correct definition of taxis?
A) A random movement toward or away from a stimulus.
B) A purposeful, directional movement toward or away from a stimulus.
C) A learned behavior based on environmental experiences.
D) An innate, fixed response to environmental changes.
B) A purposeful, directional movement toward or away from a stimulus.
How do pillbugs respond to dry and wet environments, and is this response a tactic or a kinetic response?
A) They move randomly in dry environments and toward moisture in wet environments. This is a kinetic response.
B) They move toward dry environments and away from wet environments. This is a tactic response.
C) They move randomly in both environments, which is a kinetic response.
D) They move toward moisture in wet environments and away from it in dry environments. This is a tactic response.
D) They move toward moisture in wet environments and away from it in dry environments. This is a tactic response.
Which of the following structures are present in the head region of a flatworm, and what are their functions?
A) Eyespot for light detection, auricles for sensing chemicals.
B) Eyespot for light detection, pharynx for digestion.
C) Mouth for feeding, auricles for balance.
D) Pharynx for feeding, eyespot for vision.
A) Eyespot for light detection, auricles for sensing chemicals.
Does Planaria move toward or away from light?
A) Toward light.
B) Away from light.
C) In a random direction.
D) Planaria do not respond to light.
B) Away from light.
How does Planaria accomplish gas exchange, given that they lack specialized gas exchange organs?
A) Through diffusion across the body surface.
B) Using a specialized respiratory system.
C) Through gills located near the pharynx.
D) Through a circulatory system.
A) Through diffusion across the body surface.
Which brain structure is primarily responsible for balance and coordination?A. Cerebrum
B. Cerebellum
C. Brainstem
D. Hypothalamus
B. Cerebellum
Why is it advantageous that we are not aware of all activities within our nervous system?
A. It allows us to process information faster.
B. It prevents sensory overload and distraction.
C. It improves our reaction time in emergencies.
D. It enhances our conscious decision-making ability.
B. It prevents sensory overload and distraction.
Which term describes the area of the retina responsible for sharp central vision?A. Macula
B. Fovea
C. Blind Spot
D. Retina
B. Fovea
What does 20/40 vision on a Snellen eye chart indicate?
A. The person sees at 40 feet what a person with normal vision sees at 20 feet.
B. The person sees at 20 feet what a person with normal vision sees at 40 feet.
C. The person has perfect vision at 20 feet.
D. The person is nearsighted.
B. The person sees at 20 feet what a person with normal vision sees at 40 feet.
What is the primary purpose of the visual motor experiment?
A. To measure reaction time to visual stimuli.
B. To understand the coordination between vision and motor control.
C. To test visual acuity using a Snellen chart.
D. To identify color blindness and its effects.
B. To understand the coordination between vision and motor control.
Which structure carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body?
A. Coronary artery
B. Pulmonary artery
C. Aorta
D. Carotid artery
C. Aorta
Why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker than the wall of the right ventricle?
A. To store more blood for circulation.
B. To pump blood a shorter distance to the lungs.
C. To generate more force to pump blood through the systemic circulation.
D. To reduce blood pressure during diastole.
C. To generate more force to pump blood through the systemic circulation.
What is the purpose of arteries in appendages being buried deeper than veins?
A. To prevent blood pooling in the extremities.
B. To regulate body temperature more efficiently.
C. To protect arteries from external injuries.
D. To increase blood flow during exercise.
C. To protect arteries from external injuries.
What is the significance of blood passing through the liver after leaving the digestive system?
A. To regulate body temperature before distribution.
B. To detoxify harmful substances and process nutrients.
C. To oxygenate the blood before it reaches the heart.
D. To deliver nutrients directly to muscle tissue.
B. To detoxify harmful substances and process nutrients.
What effect does caffeine have on the heart rate of Daphnia, and why?
A. Decreases heart rate by inhibiting nerve signals.
B. Increases heart rate by stimulating the nervous system.
C. No effect, as Daphnia do not respond to caffeine.
D. Increases heart rate by reducing blood oxygen levels.
B. Increases heart rate by stimulating the nervous system.
Which organ is responsible for storing bile produced by the liver?
A. Stomach
B. Duodenum
C. Pancreas
D. Gall bladder
D. Gall bladder
How does the digestive system of a shark differ from that of a fetal pig?
A. Sharks have a spiral valve to increase nutrient absorption, while fetal pigs rely on a longer small intestine.
B. Sharks have a stomach for storing bile, while fetal pigs use their liver for this purpose.
C. Sharks have a cecum, while fetal pigs do not.
D. Sharks digest food only in the stomach, while fetal pigs digest food in the intestine.
A. Sharks have a spiral valve to increase nutrient absorption, while fetal pigs rely on a longer small intestine.
What is the primary function of the lower esophageal sphincter?
A. To prevent bile from entering the esophagus.
B. To regulate the passage of food from the esophagus to the stomach.
C. To aid in the digestion of carbohydrates.
D. To control the release of stomach contents into the small intestine.
B. To regulate the passage of food from the esophagus to the stomach.
What histological characteristic distinguishes the esophagus from the small intestine?
A. The esophagus has villi, while the small intestine does not.
B. The esophagus has stratified squamous epithelium, while the small intestine has simple columnar epithelium.
C. The esophagus has a thicker muscularis externa compared to the small intestine.
D. The esophagus has crypts of Lieberkühn, while the small intestine has none.
B. The esophagus has stratified squamous epithelium, while the small intestine has simple columnar epithelium.
What histological characteristic distinguishes the esophagus from the small intestine?
A. The esophagus has villi, while the small intestine does not.
B. The esophagus has stratified squamous epithelium, while the small intestine has simple columnar epithelium.
C. The esophagus has a thicker muscularis externa compared to the small intestine.
D. The esophagus has crypts of Lieberkühn, while the small intestine has none.
B. The esophagus has stratified squamous epithelium, while the small intestine has simple columnar epithelium.
Why does food pass through the duodenum immediately after leaving the stomach?
A. To be filtered by the liver before absorption.
B. To neutralize stomach acid and begin nutrient absorption.
C. To mix with bile stored in the pancreas.
D. To be stored temporarily before entering the small intestine.
B. To neutralize stomach acid and begin nutrient absorption.
