bio exam 3

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the flow of visual information that occurs within the retina?

A) Photoreceptors respond and send excitatory or inhibitory information to retinal ganglion cells via bipolar cells

B) Light signals are first processed in retinal ganglion cells, which form synapses with photoreceptors

C) Horizontal and amacrine cells modify the flow of information via axons in the optic nerve

D) Signals pass directly from photoreceptors to ganglion cells

E) Action potentials from bipolar cells pass information to photoreceptors cells before reaching ganglion cells

Answer 1

A) Photoreceptors respond and send excitatory or inhibitory information to retinal ganglion cells via bipolar cells

Question 2

The AR gene in humans codes for the androgen receptor and is located on the X chromosome. Someone with a single mutated AR gene will most likely have…

A) Male secondary sex characteristics if the person has an extra Y chromosome and so has and XXY genotype

B) Female secondary sex characteristics if the person either has an XX or XY genotype

C) Male secondary sex characteristics if the person’s genotype is XY, but female if the secondary sex characteristics with an XX genotype

D) Undifferentiated secondary sex characteristics if the person has an XY genotype due to the lack of test

E) female secondary sex characteristics if the person is XXY

Answer 2

B) Female secondary sex characteristics if the person either has an XX or XY genotype

Question 3

Which part of the pituitary makes and secretes its own hormones?

A) Adrenal Gland

B) Portal blood vessels

C) Hypothalamus

D) Anterior Pituitary

E) Posterior Pituitary

Answer 3

D) Anterior Pituitary

Question 4

If all blood flow in the portal blood vessels between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland is blocked, one possible consequence should be…

A) increased rate of growth

B) production of large amounts of dilute urine

C) an interruption in female ovulation

D) lack of milk flow in a nursing mother

E) absence of uterine contractions during childbirth

Answer 4

C) an interruption in female ovulation

Question 5

If a person had a tumor that caused over secretion of the posterior pituitary, which hormone would have elevated levels?

A) Aldosterone

B) Insulin

C) calcitonin

D) Ecdysone

E) Oxytocin

Answer 5

E) Oxytocin

Question 6

Which condition would induce hyperemia?

A) High O2

B) Decreased H+

C) Decreased adenosine

D) Low CO2

E) Increased lactic acid

Answer 6

E) Increased lactic acid

Question 7

Which of the following facilitates the return of blood to the heart?

A) Muscles involve in inhalation

B) Squeezing of veins by contractions of smooth muscles of the digestive track

C) Contraction of the ventricles

D) Gravity in the veins below the heart when sittings

E) One way valves in the arteries that prevent backlow

Answer 7

A) Muscles involve in inhalation

Question 8

Atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg, and partial pressure of O2 is 159 mm Hg, another town has an atmospheric pressure of 600 mm Hg, what would the partial pressure of O2 here be?

A) 21

B) 75

C) 76

D) 126

E) 160

Answer 8

D) 126

Question 9

Which hormone stimulates the kidney to conserve calcium and stimulates the synthesis of calcitriol from vitamin D?

A) Calcitonin

B) Insulin

C) Oxytocin

D) Ecdysone

E) Parathyroid Hormone

Answer 9

E) Parathyroid Hormone

Question 10

The Bohr effect is the phenomenon whereby decrease in ___ cause hemoglobin to ___ o2

A) Ph ; hold onto

B) hydrogen ion concentration ; release

C) pH ; release

D) BPG ; release

E) temperature ; bind to

Answer 10

C) pH ; release

Question 11

How does cotransport of sodium in a symporter facilitate glucose absorption?

A) Active transport of sodium aids in salt intake

B) When sodium ions diffuse out of the cell, they are exchanged for glucose moving into cells

C) ATP is used to actively transport glucose into cells along with sodium tissues

D) When sodium ions are pumped into cells, glucose moves out of cells

E) When sodium ions diffuse into cells, glucose is carried along with it

Answer 11

E) When sodium ions diffuse into cells, glucose is carried along with it

Question 12

The hormone secretin….

A) whose release is stimulated by the nervous system

B) triggers pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate ions into the small intestine

C) secreted by the stomach

D) secreted by the pancreas

E) triggers the intestine to release enzymes

Answer 12

B) triggers pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate ions into the small intestine

Question 13

Which tissue does not switch fuel sources from glucose to fatty acids during the postabsorptive state?

A) skeletal muscle

B) cardiac muscle

C) neural

D) epithelial

E) adipose

Answer 13

C) neural

Question 14

Chylomicrons are produced in the…

A) lumen of the small intestine

B) epithelial cells of the small intestine

C) liver

D) stomach

E) mouth

Answer 14

B) epithelial cells of the small intestine

Question 15

The __ of a ganglion cell in the retina results from a pattern of synapses between photoreceptors, bipolar cells, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells.

A) binocular field

B) visual field

C) three-dimensional field

D) visual column

E) receptive field

Answer 15

E) receptive field

Question 16

People who take antacids on a regular basis are likely to impair their absorption of protein nutrients primarily because…

A) the higher pH of the stomach will prevent lipase from being activated

B) their stomach will secrete less pepsin

C) the lower pH of the stomach will inhibit activation of protein digestion enzymes

D) lower amounts of proteases will be activated by HCI and autolysis

E)the pepsin in the stomach will not be turned to pepsinogen

Answer 16

D) lower amounts of proteases will be activated by HCI and autolysis

Question 17

A scientist doing research on a mouse insulin levels in its blood, glycogen synthase levels in its liver and lipase levels in its fat tissue. She takes these measurements before and after feeding the mouse a starch meal. Following the starchy meal, it is likely that the insulin levels in the blood…

A) and glycogen synthase levels in the liver have not changed, but lipase levels in the fat tissues have fallen

B) and glycogen synthase levels in the liver have not changed, but lipase levels in the fat tissue have risen

C) and glycogen synthase levels in the liver have risen, and lipase levels in the fat tissue have fallen

D) have fallen, glycogen synthesis levels in the liver have fallen, and lipase levels in the fat tissue have risen

E) have risen, and glycogen synthase levels in the liver as well as lipase levels in the fat tissue have fallen

Answer 17

C) and glycogen synthase levels in the liver have risen, and lipase levels in the fat tissue have fallen

Question 18

In using a flamethrower to measure the volume of air in your lungs you determine your vital capacity is 5 liters, your expiratory reserve i 1 liter, and your inspiratory reserve is 2.5 liters. This means that your total lung capacity is…

A) 5 liters

B) ~6 liters

C) 7.5 liters

D) 8.5 liters

E) close to 9.5 liters

Answer 18

B) ~6 liters

Question 19

The cardiovascular control center is in the ____

A) aorta

B) Medulla

C) Carotid Arteries

D) Right atrium

E) left ventricle

Answer 19

B) Medulla

Question 20

Which statement about capillaries is true?

A) capillaries in the brain are especially permeable, being wrapped in glia

B) capillaries in the digestive tract and kidneys are less selective than those in the brain

C) The blood-brain barrier refers to the capillaries in the brain blocking the passage of all substances through them

D) Only some capillaries are permeable to O2, CO2 and small ions

E) Large water soluble molecules can easily pass through capillary walls

Answer 20

B) capillaries in the digestive tract and kidneys are less selective than those in the brain

Question 21

Which statement about mammalian sexual differentiation is true?

A) a steady level of estrogen causes an indifferent organ to become female

B) the absence of androgens causes an indifferent organ to become female

C) The absence of estrogens causes an organ to become male

D) Any tissue with cells containing the Y chromosome will become a male strucutre

E) Any tissue with cells containing the X chromosome will become female

Answer 21

B) the absence of androgens causes an indifferent organ to become female

Question 22

Rats that have run mazes relay spatial information in their brain when sleeping, which may reflect…..

A) immediate memory

B) consolidation of the memory and its transfer to long term storage

C) damage to the hippocampus

D) loss of long term memory

E) damage to the insular lobe

Answer 22

B) consolidation of the memory and its transfer to long term storage

Question 23

The mature red blood cells of humans…

A) contain no nuclei or endoplasmic reticulum

B) are more than 75% hemoglobin

C) have a nearly spherical shape

D) have a relatively low surface area to volume ratio

E) have a rigid shape and low flexability

Answer 23

A) contain no nuclei or endoplasmic reticulum

Question 24

The o2 binding molecule in your body that is abundant in your ___ is called ___

A) rbc ; myoglobin

B) blood plasma ; hemoglobin

C) blood plasma ; myoglobin

D) muscles that are used for short, immediate periods ; myoglobin

E) muscles that are used for extended periods of work ; myoglobin

Answer 24

E) muscles that are used for extended periods of work ; myoglobin

Question 25

Which type of food is least likely to help a patient who complains of night blindsness?

A) fruits

B) vegetables

C) liver

D) dairy products

E) whole grain

Answer 25

E) whole grain

Question 26

Which statement about brain activity during the transition from wakefulness to sleep is false?

A) specific nuclei in the brainstem decrease neurotransmitter release

B) neurons in the thalamus and cerebral cortex become hyperpolarized

C) Resting potentials of neurons in the thalamus and cerebral cortex become more positive

D) neurons in the thalamus and cerebral cortex become less sensitive to excitatory synaptic output

E) processing of information by neurons in the cerebral cortex and thalamus is inhibited

Answer 26

C) Resting potentials of neurons in the thalamus and cerebral cortex become more positive

Question 27

Which statement about ion movements and ventricular muscle cells is true?

A) sustained opening of Ca2+ channels is responsible for the extended plateau phase of the action potential

B) cardiac muscle is stimulated to contract when K+ is available to troponin

C) for ventricles to fill again Na+ must be removed from the sarcoplasm

D) to initiate relaxation, Ca2+ ions are actively transported out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm

E) when Ca2+ remains in the sarcoplasmic reticulum ventricle muscles continue to contract

Answer 27

A) sustained opening of Ca2+ channels is responsible for the extended plateau phase of the action potential

Question 28

Rickets is a disease that afflicts children. Symptoms include weak and deformed bones resulting from insufficient calcium deposition. Which dysfunction of calcium regulation could lead to rickets in a child?

A) vitamin D deficiency

B) Excessive secretion of calcitonin

C) decreased rate of excretion of calcium from kidneys

D) insufficient parathyroid hormones

Answer 28

A) vitamin D deficiency

Question 29

The cardiac cycle refers to the rhythmic relaxation (known as ____) and contraction (known as ___) of the ____

A) diastole ; systole ; ventricles

B) systole ; diastole ; atria

C) systole ; diastole ; ventricles

D) diastole ; systole ; atria

Answer 29

A) diastole ; systole ; ventricles

Question 30

What might result from taking antacids to neutralize stomach acids?

A) the ability to digest protein will increase

B) the pepsin will no longer be converted to pepsinogen

C) the lipases will no longer be effective

D) ingested micro-organisms that previously would’ve been killed may survive in the stomach

E) stomach cells will no longer be able to move H+ across their plasma membranes into the lumen of the gut

Answer 30

D) ingested micro-organisms that previously would’ve been killed may survive in the stomach

Question 31

3 sleep researchers analyze electroencephalograms to look at patterns of activity in a sleeping person. Which of the following is not measured in an electroencephalogram?

A) the stage is which dreaming occurs

B) the muscle movements that occur during rapid eye movement sleep

C) the four stages of sleep

D) slow wave sleep

E) electrical potential differences due to activity of large numbers of neurons

Answer 31

B) the muscle movements that occur during rapid eye movement sleep

Question 32

Which is a correct paring of sphincter and function?

A) upper esophageal sphincter allow passage of food from the larynx into the pharynx during swallowing

B) Pyloric sphincter governs passage of stomach content into the small intestine

C) ileocecal sphincter governs passage of large intestine contents into the cecum

D) lower esophageal sphincter contracts to push food from the esophagus into the stomach

E) internal anal sphincter contracts to cause defecation

Answer 32

B) Pyloric sphincter governs passage of stomach content into the small intestine

Question 33

Blood leaving the small intestine carries nutrients and flows to the ____ via the ____

A) large intestine ; portal vein

B) liver ; thoracic duct

C) heart ; inferior vena cava

D) liver ; hepatic portal vein

E) lymphatic system ; thoracic duct

Answer 33

D) liver ; hepatic portal vein

Question 34

Baroreceptors in the ___ are activated when ___

A) medulla ; blood Po2 rises

B) aorta and carotid arteries ; blood Po2 falls

C) Arterioles ; blood pressure drops

D) medulla ; blood pressure rises

E) aorta and carotid arteries ; blood pressure rises

Answer 34

E) aorta and carotid arteries ; blood pressure rises

Question 35

When an animal is in the postabsorptive state…

A) has a rise in blood glucose levels with a decrease in released insulin

B) Accumulates in reserves in its adipose tissue

C) has no food in its gut

D) accumulates reserves in its liver and muscles

E) has food in its gut

Answer 35

C) has no food in its gut

Question 36

_____ are known as capacitance vessels because of their ability to stretch and store blood

A) venules

B) arterioles

C) veins

D) capillaries

E) arteries

Answer 36

C) veins

Question 37

What is the correct order of the body’s calcium reservoirs, from largest to smallest?

A) extracellular fluid ; intracellular fluid ; bones

B) bones ; extracellular fluid ; intracellularfluid

C) extracellular fluid ; bones ; intracellular fluid

D) intracellular fluid ; bones ; extracellular fluid

E) bones ; intracellular fluid ; extracellular fluid

Answer 37

E) bones ; intracellular fluid ; extracellular fluid

Question 38

waves of contractions that move the intestinal contents are….

A) called peristalsis

B) regulated by liver secretions

C) voluntary

D) caused by relaxation of the smooth muscles of the gut in response to being stretched

E) caused by contractions of the skeletal muscle

Answer 38

A) called peristalsis

Question 39

When you breathe in as much as possible, adding the inspirational reserve volume in your lungs, your lungs are filling with air in part because….

A) the space between the two pleural membranes lining your thoracic cavity is increasing as they pull apart

B) the interpleural pressure becomes more negative compared to atmospheric pressure, expanding your lungs

C) the interpleural pressure becomes more positive compared to the atmospheric pressure, causing air to rush into your alveoli

D) your diaphragm is moving upward as you inhale, increasing the volume of your thoracic cavity

E) the pressure in your alveoli becomes more negative than the interpleural pressure, causing your lungs to expand

Answer 39

B) the interpleural pressure becomes more negative compared to atmospheric pressure, expanding your lungs

Question 40

ectothermic reptiles….

A) have a partially divided septum

B) can shunt blood past the lungs when not breathing

C) have continuously high metabolic demands

D) have greater resistance in the pulmonary circuit than in the systemic circuit while breathing

E) constrict pulmonary vessels while breathing

Answer 40

B) can shunt blood past the lungs when not breathing

Question 41

Which of the following best describes the visual processing that occurs within the retina?

A) Impulses are processed within the individual photoreceptors and then travel to the brain

B) Signals pass directly from photoreceptors cells to ganglion cells

C) Action potentials in photoreceptors cells directly affect both bipolar and ganglion cells

D) Light signals are processed in the first later of retinal cells the light hits, and the signal from these is then passed to the bipolar cells

E) A complex pattern of synapses between photoreceptors, horizontal cells, and bipolar cells determines he activation of ganglion cells

Answer 41

E) A complex pattern of synapses between photoreceptors, horizontal cells, and bipolar cells determines he activation of ganglion cells

Question 42

In increase in 2,3-biphosphoglyceric acid (BPG) would be associated with….

A) high altitude

B) resting

C) high pH

D) low levels of H+

E) high po2

Answer 42

A) high altitude

Question 43

Which statement about digestion is true?

A) Unabsorbed lactose is metabolized by bacteria in the small intestine

B) Enzymes that carry out the final step in the digestion of common trisaccharides produce absorbable disaccharides

C) Enzymes that carry out the final step in the digestion of proteins cleave dipeptides into amino acids

D) Enzymes that carry out the final step of digestion of disaccharides are produced in the stomach epithelium

E) Enzymes that carry out the final step of digestion of proteins are secreted by the pancreas

Answer 43

C) Enzymes that carry out the final step in the digestion of proteins cleave dipeptides into amino acids

Question 44

Which statement about aldosterone is true?

A) it is a peptide hormone

B) it is a glucocorticoid

C)it is released by the adrenal medulla

D) it stimulates the kidneys to conserve potassium

E) it stimulates the kidneys to conserve sodium

Answer 44

E) it stimulates the kidneys to conserve sodium

Question 45

chemoreceptors on the aorta and carotid arteries are activated when…

A) blood Pco falls

B) blood Pco rises

C) blood Po2 falls

D) Blood Po2 rises

E) Blood Pco2 falls

Answer 45

C) blood Po2 falls