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Biology 201 > Bio Lab Exam > Flashcards

Bio Lab Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the head of the microscope do? The nosepiece?

A

Holds eyepieces (ocular lenses) and holds the objective lenses

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2
Q

Objective lens

A

magnifies and increases resolution

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3
Q

definitions of magnification and resolution

A

magnification increases size

resolution increases contrast and clarity

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4
Q

What does the condenser on a microscope do?

A

Focuses light from the lamp

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5
Q

Pros and cons of staining

A

Pro: increases contrast of borders
Con: can produce visual artifacts and kills cells

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6
Q

Which lens has the largest depth of field?

A

the scanner lens 40x magnification

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7
Q

definition of temperature

A

the average kinetic energy of all the particles in a given sample of matter

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8
Q

kinetic energy at 0 K

A

none

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9
Q

why do larger particles move slower?

A

at a given temperature, a larger mass requires more energy to move as far as a smaller mass

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10
Q

Brownian movement definition

A

continuous random movement of particles in water

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11
Q

Cupric sulfate dissolving in water experiment, what happened?

A

it moved slowly from an area of high concentration to an area of the glass of lower concentration

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12
Q

carrier proteins

A

allow larger molecules to diffuse across the plasma membrane with a change of shape
passive transport

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13
Q

cytosis

A

envelopment by the plasma membrane to form a vacuole via endocytosis and exocytosis
energy required

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14
Q

hypertonic vs hypotonic

A

hypertonic - high concentration of solutes

hypotonic - low concentration of solutes

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15
Q

cell collapsing due to loss of water

A

plasmolysis in plant cells or crenulation in blood cells

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16
Q

bursting of blood cells due to intake of too much water

A

haemolysis

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17
Q

diffusion definition

A

net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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18
Q

Prophase

A

chromosomes condense
spindle starts to form
nucleolus disappears

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19
Q

Prometaphase

A

nuclear envelope breaks up

spindle attaches to chromosomes

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20
Q

Metaphase

A

chromosomes line up in the middle

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21
Q

Anaphase

A

chromosomes are pulled to separate ends of the cell

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22
Q

telophase

A

chromosomes reach opposite sides of the cell

cytokinesis in animal cells, new cell wall forms in the middle in plant cells

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23
Q

Interphase periods

A

G1 - cell builds proteins and grows larger
S phase - synthesis of DNA
G2 - more growth and prep for division

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24
Q

when in meiosis do daughter cells become haploid?

A

after meiosis I

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25
Q

prophase I

A

chromosomes condense next to their homologue forming homologous pairs
crossing over occurs

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26
Q

metaphase I and anaphase I

A

homologous pairs line up and are pulled apart (chromatids still attached)

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27
Q

stages of spermatogenesis

A 
spermatogonium
primary spermatocyte
secondary spermatocyte
spermatids
spermatozoa
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28
Q

stages of oogenesis

A 
oogonium
primary oocyte (plus polar body)
secondary oocyte (plus polar body)
ootid
ovum
zygote (following fertilization)
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29
Q

nurse cell (sertoli cell)

A

large cells in seminiferous tubules that nourish spermatids

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30
Q

how to recognize seminiferous tubules?

A

lumen in the center

larger cells on the outside, decreasing in towards the middle

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31
Q

how to recognize the ovary

A

many follicle holes, some smaller some larger

visible ovums ready for release

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32
Q

what was in the heated lysis solution for the DNA isolation lab?

A

SDS, sodium citrate, sodium chloride and EDTA
SDS - detergent
sodium citrate - inactivates enzymes that would damage the DNA
NaCl - proteins don’t stay dissolved well in salt water or ethanol
EDTA - ion chelator

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33
Q

how does gel electrophoresis work?

A

each person has unique DNA sequences
restriction enzymes cut at specific sequences, allowing you to compare lengths of DNA fragments between different samples
larger fragments move less far, shorter fragments move further
DNA is negatively charged, so the electric current speeds it’s diffusion across the agar matrix

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34
Q

DNA is always read:

A

from 3’ to 5’

therefore transcription happens building in the 5’ to 3’ direction

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35
Q

RNA polymerase binds onto the

A

promoter region of DNA

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36
Q

Start codon

A

AUG or Met

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37
Q

Translation mRNA is read

A

from 5’ to 3’

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38
Q

Nucleotides for DNA and RNA

A

DNA: A-T, G-C

RNA: A-U, G-C

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39
Q

can we generally expect more dominant alleles than recessive?

A

not necessarily if the recessive is very common or has some advantage in natural selection

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40
Q

genetic drift definition

A

random fluctuations in the number of gene variants in a population

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41
Q

3 main bacteria shapes

A

bacillus - rod shaped
coccus - spherical
spirillum - corkscrew shaped

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42
Q

cynanobacteria, about, types and how to recognize

A

blue-green algae, have no chloroplasts yet photoautotrophic, cling together in long filaments
oscillatoria and anabena
oscillatoria are long continuous filaments, anabaena form more of a chain-like filament

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43
Q

Diatoms about and how to recognize

A

eukaryotic unicellular protist, photoautotrophic enclosed in a hard shell testae
they have a slit opening called a raphe
shells are composed of silica
slow moving

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44
Q

Brown algae about and how to recognize

A

eukaryotic multicellular protists and photoautotrophic
mostly marine
very plant-like with thallus body, with cellulose cell walls

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45
Q

red algae about and how to recognize and an example

A

similar to brown algae protist, not all are red, multicellular photoautotrophic and mostly marine
such as irish moss

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46
Q

green algae, about, types, and how to recognize

A

closely related to plants, unicellular in colonies and multicellular sometimes
photoautotrophic protist with cellulose cell walls
chlamydomonas and volvox
chlamydomonas is spherical with a large cup shaped chloroplast with poorly visible flagella, looks like an avocado
volvox is a 3D colony that rolls like a ball using their individual flagella

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47
Q

Amoebozoa about and how to recognize

A

unicellular chemoheterotrophic protist
constantly changing shape, using pseudopodia to move and endocytosis
blob with moving appendage-like protrusions

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48
Q

ciliates about and how to recognize and an example

A

oval unicellular chemoheterotrophic protists
have cilia that wave for movement
ex. paramecium

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49
Q

euglenozoa about and how to recognize

A

oval unicellular chemoheterotrophs or photoautotrophs
single flagellum
green in color and able to contract and expand very quickly

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50
Q

kingdom fungi

A

cell walls made of chitin
long hyphae filaments tangle in mycelium
chemoheterotrophic - living off of dead matter
secret enzymes to digest materials in their environment

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51
Q

phylum zygomycetes

A

fungi that produce zygosporangium for sexual reproduction

almost look like a dandelion shape

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52
Q

phylum basidomycota

A

fungi, produce basidiocarp
mushrooms are bisidiocarp
inside the gills under the cap are where spores are produced

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53
Q

yeast

A

fungi, unicellular found in moist environments
reproduce sexually and asexually by budding
look like collections of round blobs

54
Q

what is a lichen

A

mutalistic symbiosis of a photoautotroph (green or blue-green algae) and a fungus
fungus provides structure and photoautotroph proves energy

55
Q

kingdom plantae evolution and phyla

A

evolved from aquatic green algae into photoautotrophic eukaryotic organism
non-vascular plants, seedless vascular plants, seed plants without flower, and angiosperms

56
Q

monocots and dicots are

A

angiosperms

monocots have 1 cotyledon and dicots have 2 cotyledons

57
Q

organs not present in angiosperm seedlings

A

fruit or flowers

58
Q

types of tissues in angiosperms

A

meristem, dermal, ground and vascular

59
Q

meristem tissue including cell types in monocots and dicots

A

embryonic, continues to divide and can later differentiate into other cells
small, cuboidal cells with large nucleus
found in apical and axillary bud meristems
found in cambium in dicot roots, and pericycle in both mono and dicots

60
Q

dermal tissue

A

outer tissue, flattish cells with large nucleus and no chloroplasts
may be covered in waxy cuticle or hairs
guard cells form stomata, and have chloroplasts

61
Q

ground tissue

A

pith, cortex and mesophyll
long boxy cells with large central vacuole
contain chloroplasts
photosynthesis, storage and mechanical support

62
Q

vascular tissue

A

movement of materials
xylem: long, thick dead cells forming columns to carry water and minerals
phloem: long, thinner-walled living cells forming columns with small holes for transport of sugar
companion cells maintain phloem cells

63
Q

3 zones of a root

A

zone of cell division, zone of elongation and zone of maturation

64
Q

a root contains:

A

root cap and apical meristem
a central vascular cylinder surrounded by cortex tissue
encased in epidermis with root hairs

65
Q

how to recognize a dicot root vs monocot root

A

Dicot: single central xylem, cambium meristem layer then phloem
Monocot: many small xylem surrounded by phloem with a pith ground tissue in the center

66
Q

herbaceous stem vs woody stem

A

herbaceous: soft and green, annual, little diameter growth, epidermis, in dicots and monocots
woody: hard and brown, growth in diameter, perennial, corky bark covering, dicot only

67
Q

dicot stem vs monocot stem

A

dicot: larger vascular bundle in a circle, contains cambium (meristem), cortex and pith (ground)
monocot: smaller vascular bundle dispersed, general ground tissue support

68
Q

what tissues are absent in leaves?

A

meristem tissues

69
Q

dicot vs. monocot leaves

A

dicot: branching veins and petioles (stem part of leaf)
monocot: straight veins and no petioles

70
Q

the central part of the flower and what it contains

A

the carpel has a long style atop there is the stigma

at the bottom is the ovary which contains the ovules

71
Q

the male part of the flower

A

stamen with a long filament and anther on the end which contains pollen sacks

72
Q

the outer parts of the flower

A

the stem and receptacle at the bottom of the flower

the sepals are the outer petals, and the petals inside are more delicate

73
Q

multiple carpels fused together form a

A

pistil

74
Q

dicot flower vs. monocot flower

A

dicot: sepals, petals and stamens in 4s or 5s or multiples of those
monocot: parts in 3s or multiples of 3

75
Q

what develops into the fruit and seeds?

A

the ovules into the seeds

the ovary into the fruit (pericarp)

76
Q

3 parts of pericarp in a fruit

A

endocarp (inside), mesocarp (flesh), exocarp (skin)

77
Q

types of epithelial tissues

A

simple vs stratified

squamous (flat), cuboidal (box-like), columnar (elongated)

78
Q

skin is what kind of epithelial cells:

A

stratified squamous epithelium

79
Q

kidney tubules have what kind of epithelial cells:

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

80
Q

smooth muscle has what kind of epithelium

A

simple columnar epithelium

81
Q

types of connective tissue fibers

A

collagenous - strength and flexibility
reticular - attachment to adjacent muscles
elastic fibers - elasticity

82
Q

types of connective tissue

A

loose, fibrous, cartilage, bone, adipose tissue and blood

83
Q

Loose connective tissue description and an example

A

liquid extracellular matrix with all 3 types of fibers
scattered star-shaped fibroblasts
found under the skin and throughout for elastic support
ex. areolar tissues

84
Q

Fibrous connective tissue description and an example

A

strong parallel collagenous fibers densely packed with fibroblasts squeezed in between
ex. white fibrous tissue in tendons and ligaments

85
Q

Cartilage description and example

A

collagenous fibers in a solid rubbery material
oval cells are called chondrocytes
provides flexible structure and cushioning
ex. trachea and hyaline cartilage

86
Q

Bone description

A

mineralized material with collagen
osteons, concentric circles with a central canal, fused together
osteoblasts between the layers of matrix
function: calcium storage, anchors and levers for muscles and vital organ protection

87
Q

Adipose tissue description

A

loose connective tissue with adipose cells

adipose cells contain a droplet of fat for energy storage, insulation and padding

88
Q

Blood description

A

no fibers

erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes (platelets)

89
Q

what do thrombocytes do?

A

carry enzymes for blood clotting

tiny irregular fragments with no nucleus

90
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal, smooth and cardiac

91
Q

Skeletal muscle description

A

AKA striated
very long cells with many nuclei, ribbed appearance and blunt ends
tendons attach to bones

92
Q

smooth muscle tissue description

A

involuntary muscle
no bands, tapering towards the end
found in walls of internal organs and blood vessels

93
Q

cardiac muscle description

A

involuntary contraction
short fibers with a single nucleus, making branches of cells
similar looking to skeletal muscle tissue

94
Q

Nerve tissue types

A

neurons and glia

95
Q

parts of the neuron

A

cell body with nucleus and dentrites

1 long axon extending from cell body

96
Q

respiratory system organs order from outside to inside

A 
Nare
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Glottis
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchii
Lungs (bronchioles and alveoli)
- Moved by the diaphragm (breathing in relaxes and increases pressure, breathing out contracts and decreases air pressure)
97
Q

Digestive system organ order

A 
mouth
oral cavity
teeth and saliva 
tongue
pharynx
epiglottis directs to esophagus
stomach
small intestine
- liver, pancreas and gallbladder secrete juices
large intestine
rectum
anus
98
Q

circulatory system organ order (start from lungs)

A 
pulmonary vein
left atrium
left ventricle
aorta
arteries
capillaries to tissues
veins
vena cava
right atrium
right ventricle
pulmonary artery
99
Q

Excretory system organs order

A

blood to kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

100
Q

Porifera phylum how to recognize

A

sponges: porous with one or more outflow openings
sessile filter feeders, aquatic
non-symmetrical
asexual, sexual reproduction with internal fertilization

101
Q

animal kingdom phyla to know

A 
porifera - sponges
cnidaria - polyps
echinodermata - star fish
chordata - vertebrates
platyhelminthes - flatworms
mollusca - mollusks
annelida - worms and leeches
nematoda - roundworms
arthropoda - arthropods
102
Q

Cnidaria info and how to recognize

A

cup shaped polyps, either up or down
includes: anemone, hydra, coral, and jellyfish
all have specialized stinging cells
corals produce calcium carbonate exoskeleton
radial symmetry
sexual and asexual reproduction, external
simple nerve net and sensory cells/eyes
incomplete digestive, intra and extra-cellular digestion

103
Q

Echinodermata info and how to recognize

A

such as sea stars, sea lilies and sea cucumbers
use a water vascular system for locomotion, respiration, circulation and excretion
radial symmetry
sexual, sometimes asexual, sexes usually separate
simple brain with nerves and sensory organs
complete digestion, extracellular, coelom present
open circulatory system, 1 chambered heart
gills
can change stiffness of connective tissue rapidly
calcium endoskeleton

104
Q

chordata info and how to recognize

A

includes tunicates (sea squirts), lancelets (amphioxus) and vertebrates
notochord at some point in the life cycle and endoskeleton
pharyngeal pouches (embryonic gills)
muscular post-anal tail
bilateral symmetry
sexual, sexes usually separate
brain, nerve chord, ganglia and sense organs
closed circulatory system with 2 or more heart chambers
nephridia
gills or lungs
coelem, complete digestion

105
Q

notochord is

A

a dorsal hollow nerve cord

106
Q

platyhelminthes info and how to recognize

A 
flatworms: planarians, flukes and tapeworms
complex musculature, cilia
some are parasites
bilateral symmetry
asexual (fission) or sexual
simple brain, nerves and sense organs
107
Q

Mollusca info and how to recognize

A 
muscular foot and a calcareous shell
aquatic or terrestrial
sessile or mobile
sexual, sexes usually separate, external fertilization
simple brain
gills
metanephridia
complete digestion, coelom
open circulatory system, 3 chambered heart
108
Q

land snail info

A

hermaphroditic
internal fertilization
lungs
2 chambered heart

109
Q

Annelida info and how to recognize

A 
prominent segmentation with hairs
earthworms, leeches, sand worms
sexual, hermaphroditic
simple brain
complete digestion, coelom
closed circulatory system, several 1 chambered hearts
no respiratory system or gills
110
Q

Nematoda info and how to recognize

A 
roundworms: cylindrical worm-like shape
tougher outer cuticle
lashing locomotion due to longitudinal muscles
sexual reproduction, sexes separate
complete digestion, pseudocoelom
no circulatory or respiratory systems
111
Q

arthropoda info and how to recognize

A

segmented with chitinous exoskeletons
insects, spiders, millipedes, crustaceans
sexual reproduction, sexes separate, internal fertilization
open circulatory system, 1 chambered heart
malpighian tubules or metanephridia
complete digestion, coelom present

112
Q

phyla with complete digestive systems

A

everyone but porifera, cnidaria and platyhelminthes

113
Q

phyla with open or no circulatory system

A

none: porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, and nematoda
open: mollusca, arthropoda, echinodermata

114
Q

phyla with closed circulatory system

A

chordata and annelida

115
Q

phyla with metanephridia

A

mollusca, annelida, arthropoda

116
Q

segmented phyla

A

annelida, arthropoda, and platyhelminthes

117
Q

phyla without complete digestive system

A

porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes

118
Q

hermaphroditic phyla

A

cnidaria, porifera, annelida, mollusca (land snails)

119
Q

No coelom phyla

A

porifera, cnidaria, and platyhelminthes

120
Q

single heart phyla

A

chordata, arthropoda, echinodermata, mollusca

121
Q

no excretory system phyla

A

porifera, cnidaria, and echinodermata (all marine)

122
Q

lampreys how to recognize

A 
eel-like fish with no jaws
circular sucking mouths
mostly parasitic
segmented musculature
7 pairs of gill slits
123
Q

cartilaginous fish how to recognize

A

cartilage skeleton
asymmetrical caudal fin
5 pairs of gill slits

124
Q

ray-finned fish how to recognize

A

bony skeletons
care for young
4-5 pairs of gill slits
swim bladder to control buoyancy

125
Q

Lungfish how to recognize

A

similar to ray-finned fish
notochord
5 pairs of gill slits and simple lungs as well

126
Q

Amphibians how to recognize

A 
part time on land, part time in water
slimy skin
eggs have no shell
simple lungs
lateral limbs
127
Q

mammals how to recognize

A

mammary glands to provide milk to young
extensive parental care
skin is often covered with hair or fur
homeotherm

128
Q

turtles and tortoises how to recognize

A

lay eggs on land
protected by shell of bony plates covered in scales
horny beak

129
Q

lizards and snakes how to recognize

A

snakes have 1 lung

dry skin with scales

130
Q

crocodilians how to recognize

A

lay eggs on land, some parental care
aquatic but has lungs
gizzard
powerful flattened tail

131
Q

birds how to recognize

A 
adaptations for flight
complex behavior and parental care
corneum covered with feather and scales
gizzard
no urinary bladder
homeotherms

Biology 201 (4 decks)

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